Review Volume 16, Issue 15 pp 11755—11768
Types of cell death and their relations to host immunological pathways
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
- 2 Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
- 3 Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan, ROC
- 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taoyuan Armed Forced General Hospital, Taiwan, ROC
- 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- 6 Department of Clinical pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan, ROC
- 7 Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC
Received: February 15, 2024 Accepted: July 17, 2024 Published: August 8, 2024
https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.206035How to Cite
Copyright: © 2024 Lu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Various immune pathways have been identified in the host, including TH1, TH2, TH3, TH9, TH17, TH22, TH1-like, and THαβ immune reactions. While TH2 and TH9 responses primarily target multicellular parasites, host immune pathways directed against viruses, intracellular microorganisms (such as bacteria, protozoa, and fungi), and extracellular microorganisms can employ programmed cell death mechanisms to initiate immune responses or execute effective strategies for pathogen elimination. The types of programmed cell death involved include apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and NETosis. Specifically, apoptosis is associated with host anti-virus eradicable THαβ immunity, autophagy with host anti-virus tolerable TH3 immunity, pyroptosis with host anti-intracellular microorganism eradicable TH1 immunity, ferroptosis with host anti-intracellular microorganism tolerable TH1-like immunity, necroptosis with host anti-extracellular microorganism eradicable TH22 immunity, and NETosis with host anti-extracellular microorganism tolerable TH17 immunity.