Efficacy of zinc carnosine in the treatment of colorectal cancer and its potential in combination with immunotherapy <i>in vivo</i>

Weiwei Tang; Hanyuan Liu; Xiao Li; Theng Choon Ooi; Nor Fadilah Rajab; Hongyong Cao; Razinah Sharif

doi:10.18632/aging.204380

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Research Paper Volume 14, Issue 21 pp 8688—8699

Efficacy of zinc carnosine in the treatment of colorectal cancer and its potential in combination with immunotherapy in vivo

Weiwei Tang^1,2, , Hanyuan Liu^3, , Xiao Li^3, , Theng Choon Ooi^1, , Nor Fadilah Rajab^1, , Hongyong Cao^3, , Razinah Sharif^1,4, ,

¹ Center for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
² Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
³ General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
⁴ Biocompatibility Laboratory, Centre for Research and Instrumentation, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Received: June 24, 2022 Accepted: October 31, 2022 Published: November 14, 2022

https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.204380
How to Cite

Copyright: © 2022 Tang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract

Background: A complex of Zn and carnosine, called Zinc-L-carnosine (ZnC), enjoys a wide application as part of a Zn supplement therapeutic method as well as in treating peptic ulcers. However, researches fail to confirm the biological functions possessed by ZnC as well as tumor immune microenvironment in colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods: Cell counting kit 8(CCK8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), transwell and wound healing assays were conducted to study the influence of ZnC in the proliferating, invading and migrating processes of CRC cell lines (HCT116, LOVO) in vitro. The antitumor activity ZnC as well as its effects on tumor immune microenvironment were then assessed using CRC subcutaneous tumors in the C57BL/6 mouse model.

Results: According to CCK8, EdU, transwell and wound healing assays, ZnC inhibited CRC cell lines in terms of proliferation, invasion and migration. ZnC could inhibit miR-570 for up-regulating PD-L1 expression. In vivo experiments showed that gavage (100 mg/kg, once every day) of ZnC inhibited the tumor growth of CRC, and the combination of ZnC and anti-PD1 therapy significantly improved the efficacy exhibited by anti-PD1 in treating CRC. In addition, mass cytometry results showed that immunosuppressive cells including regulatory T cells (tregs), bone marrow-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and M2 macrophages decreased whereas CD8+ T cells elevated after adding ZnC.

Conclusions: The present study reveals that ZnC slows the progression of CRC by inhibiting CRC cells in terms of proliferation, invasion and migration, meanwhile up-regulating PD-L1 expression via inhibiting miR-570. The ZnC-anti-PD1 co-treatment assists in synergically increasing anti-tumor efficacy in CRC therapy.

Introduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) acts as the third cause of death related to cancer all over the world [1]. Although therapeutic agents such as molecular targeting agents have made progressions recently, e.g. bevacizumab specific to vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), cetuximab specific to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and encorafenib specific to murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF), patients who had metastatic CRC (mCRC) still presented poor prognosis [2]. Hence, aggressive prophylaxis strategies and new effective therapies are needed to prevent and treat this malignancy.

In recent years, immune checkpoints (ICIs) targeting programmed death 1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have transformed the treatment landscape for various cancers, including CRC [3]. Although ICIs alone can lead to long-term remission and improved survival outcomes in certain populations, a large number of patients do not respond effectively. Immunotherapy may be one of the effective treatment strategies to improve tumor response rate and prognosis. Immunotherapy drugs can be used in combination with other drugs to enhance the immunogenicity of tumors, thereby improving their efficacy [4–6].

Zinc L-carnosine (ZnC, i.e Polaprezinc) is a chelating compound composed of L-carnosine and zinc [7]. The combination or chelation of zinc and carnosine results in ZnC which is said to have better health benefits in enhancing zinc absorption than carnosine alone due to its solubility may be because it provides a delayed tissue/extended release of zinc method [8]. In the United States, ZnC is licensed as a dietary zinc supplement and possible adjunct to promote the recovery of healthy gastric mucosa in patients with peptic ulcer disease [9]. However, there is evidence that it can also restore tissue in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. For example, studies support its role in taste disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, skin, liver and chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis [10]. However, researches have not determined the biological functions possessed by ZnC as well as the tumor immune microenvironment in CRC. Our study investigated the proliferation, invasion, migration, and immune effect exerted by ZnC in CRC progression. The co-treatment combining ZnC and PD1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) may assist in increasing the antitumor activity, thereby helping to better understand the CRC immunotherapy.

Results

ZnC inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of CRC cells in vitro

ZnC could suppress cell proliferation in HCT116 and LOVO cells, based on the CCK-8 and EdU experiment (Figure 1A–1C). The results of transwell assay showed that ZnC inhibited the relative invasion rate of CRC cell lines compared with the control group (Figure 2A, 2B). Moreover, the wound healing assay showed that the group added with ZnC presented obviously lower scratch closure rate relative to the control group, and the closure rate decreased with the increase of incubation time (Figure 3A, 3B). To sum up, ZnC remarkably weakened the ability exhibited by HCT116 and LOVO cell lines to proliferate, invade and migrate.

ZnC inhibited the proliferation in CRC cell lines. (A) The growth curves of CRC cells were plotted after cultured with ZnC based on CCK-8 assays. (B) EdU assays were performed to assess cell proliferation of HCT116 and LOVO cell lines cultured with ZnC. (C) EdU analysis. *p p

Figure 1. ZnC inhibited the proliferation in CRC cell lines. (A) The growth curves of CRC cells were plotted after cultured with ZnC based on CCK-8 assays. (B) EdU assays were performed to assess cell proliferation of HCT116 and LOVO cell lines cultured with ZnC. (C) EdU analysis. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

ZnC inhibited the invasion in CRC. (A) Transwell experiment was adopted to assess cell invasion of CRC cells incubated with ZnC. (B) Results of the cell invasion count analysis. **p

Figure 2. ZnC inhibited the invasion in CRC. (A) Transwell experiment was adopted to assess cell invasion of CRC cells incubated with ZnC. (B) Results of the cell invasion count analysis. **p < 0.01.

ZnC inhibited the migration in CRC. (A) Wound healing assays were used to assess cell migration of CRC cells treated by ZnC. (B) Results of the cell migration count analysis. **p p

Figure 3. ZnC inhibited the migration in CRC. (A) Wound healing assays were used to assess cell migration of CRC cells treated by ZnC. (B) Results of the cell migration count analysis. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

ZnC up-regulated PD-L1 expression via decreasing miR-570

To determine how ZnC affect the tumor immune microenvironment, we examined PD-L1 expression, which is one of the most popular target for immunotherapy currently. We surprisingly found that ZnC resulted in an increase in the PD-L1 mRNA and protein expression in CRC cells by virtue of qRT-PCR assay together with western blot (Figure 4A, 4B). The study held the purpose of confirming factors that impacted the PD-L1 increment in CRC cells due to ZnC. qRT-PCR assisted in investigating miR-570, miR-513a, miR-200a, miR-34a, and miR-146a (miRNAs) expression regarding CRC cells cultured with ZnC or PBS and results demonstrated the down regulation of miR-570 expression in HCT116 as well as LOVO cells, whereas expression of miR-513a, miR-200a, miR-34a, and miR-146a was inconsistent in the two cell lines (Figure 4C–4G). These results demonstrated that ZnC might prevent human CRC cells regarding the proliferation, invasion as well as migration, meanwhile up-regulating PD-L1 expression through down-regulating miR-570 expression.

Figure 4. ZnC up-regulated PD-L1 expression via decreasing miR-570. (A) qRT-PCR results of PD-L1 in ZnC and PBS group. (B) Western blot of PD-L1 in ZnC and PBS group. (C–G) qRT-PCR results of the changes of miRNAs caused by ZnC to CRC cells. *p < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

ZnC reduced tumor growth as well as increased the PD1 mAb treatment efficiency in xenograft mice model

In vivo results showed that compared with PBS group, tumor volume and weight presented an obvious decline after ZnC gavage. Compared with anti-PD1 group, combination with ZnC decreased the tumor weight and volume (Figure 5B–5D). Given the immunohistochemical results, Ki67 expression in ZnC group significantly decreased compared with PBS group, and the decline was noticeably facilitated under the combination with PD1 mAb (Figure 5E). But the CD8 and PD-L1 expression moderately increased after ZnC added. Furthermore, as revealed by immunohistochemical results, after adding ZnC, CD8 expression was extremely expanded with the combination of PD1 mAb. Hence, addition of ZnC could weaken tumor growth and enhance the PD1 mAb treatment efficiency in a xenograft mice model in vivo.

ZnC reduced tumor growth and increased the efficiency of anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody in xenograft mice model. (A) Procedures for establishing subcutaneously tumor-bearing mice model. PD1 antibody was injected internationally every 3 days. The mice injected with PBS were as the control. (B) Picture display of the respective group (PBS, ZnC, anti-PD1, and anti-PD1+ZnC) of subcutaneous tumors. (C, D) The volume (C) and weight (D) statistics of subcutaneous tumors in the respective group. (E) Immunohistochemical results of Ki67, PD-L1, and CD8 expression in the respective group. **p P

Figure 5. ZnC reduced tumor growth and increased the efficiency of anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody in xenograft mice model. (A) Procedures for establishing subcutaneously tumor-bearing mice model. PD1 antibody was injected internationally every 3 days. The mice injected with PBS were as the control. (B) Picture display of the respective group (PBS, ZnC, anti-PD1, and anti-PD1+ZnC) of subcutaneous tumors. (C, D) The volume (C) and weight (D) statistics of subcutaneous tumors in the respective group. (E) Immunohistochemical results of Ki67, PD-L1, and CD8 expression in the respective group. **p < 0.01, ***P < 0.001,****p < 0.0001.

Changes in tumor immune microenvironment with ZnC added in vivo

To further assess the overall immune microenvironment changes of CRC tumors in the PBS and ZnC groups, we measured the expression of immune cell clusters in each group using mass cytometry. There are 31 cell clusters, and we define each cluster based on specific markers for each cell type (Figures 6, 7A, 7B). The results showed that immunosuppressive cells including regulatory T cells (tregs), bone marrow-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), as well as M2 macrophages decreased whereas CD8⁺ T cells after ZnC addition (Figure 7C). Additionally, we assessed the overall expression of CD8⁺ PD1, CD8⁺ TIGIT, CD8⁺ CCR6, CD8⁺ IFNg and CD8⁺ ICOS in the immune microenvironment. Hence, after the addition of ZnC, CD8⁺ CCR6 noticeably decreased whereas CD8a and CD8⁺ ICOS expression increased (Figure 7D–7I). The mentioned results suggested that injection of ZnC could lead to the increase of CD8⁺ T cells expression, while reducing the immunosuppressive cell number in CRC.

Figure 6. The expression of cell clustering marker genes via mass cytometry.

Mass cytometry reflected the immune microenvironment of subcutaneous CRC tumors after PBS/ZnC treatment. (A) A total of 31 cell clusters were divided, and we defined the respective group. (B) TSNE plot showing distributions of 31 cell cluster in the respective sample. (C) The histogram showing the number of the respective cell cluster in different groups by mass cytometry. (D–H) TSNE plot showing the distribution of CD8+ PD1, CD8+ TIGIT, CD8+ CCR6, CD8+ IFNg, and CD8+ ICOS in subcutaneous CRC tumors in PBS and ZnC groups. (I) The histogram showing the expression of CD8+ PD1, CD8+ TIGIT, CD8+ CCR6, CD8+ IFNg, and CD8+ ICOS in PBS and ZnC groups.

Figure 7. Mass cytometry reflected the immune microenvironment of subcutaneous CRC tumors after PBS/ZnC treatment. (A) A total of 31 cell clusters were divided, and we defined the respective group. (B) TSNE plot showing distributions of 31 cell cluster in the respective sample. (C) The histogram showing the number of the respective cell cluster in different groups by mass cytometry. (D–H) TSNE plot showing the distribution of CD8⁺ PD1, CD8⁺ TIGIT, CD8⁺ CCR6, CD8⁺ IFNg^, and CD8⁺ ICOS in subcutaneous CRC tumors in PBS and ZnC groups. (I) The histogram showing the expression of CD8⁺ PD1, CD8⁺ TIGIT, CD8⁺ CCR6, CD8⁺ IFNg^, and CD8⁺ ICOS in PBS and ZnC groups.

Discussion

ZnC is usually used as a dietary zinc supplement and a potential adjunct for the treatment of peptic ulcer, taste disorders, oral mucosal repair, etc. [11]. However, ZnC is rarely used in cancer, and the biological function of ZnC and its effect on tumor immune microenvironment remain unclear. However, ZnC itself exhibits powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant attributes [12, 13]. According to recent studies, ZnC may assist in maintaining genomic stability as well as preventing DNA and chromosomal damage resulted from different genotoxic substances [14]. Chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, as well as genomic instability events are known to contribute to the formation of cancer [15, 16], therefore we hypothesized that ZnC has potential anticancer effects. We demonstrated that ZnC inhibited HCT116 and LOVO cell lines from the perspectives of the proliferation, invasion and migration by CCK-8, EdU, Transwell and wound healing assay. All these results indicated that ZnC could inhibit CRC cells in vitro, although ZnC had a moderate inhibitory effect on cancer cells. We suspect that using ZnC for a long term may make the anticancer effect even more significant. Previously, ZnC has been demonstrated to cause direct cytotoxic effects against cancer cell line as well. ZnC treating approach may inhibit the proliferation of HCC as well as assist in achieving reverse liver fibrosis [15, 16]. The in vitro trials are only referrals, and large clinical trials are needed to confirm whether ZnC can actually prevent cancer.

ICI, particularly anti-PD1 therapy, has greatly enlarged the therapeutic landscape of CRC recently [17–19]. However, clinical data suggest that ICIs only exert their function specific to microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) tumors. Patients who have microsatellite stability (MSS) CRC (approx. 90%) present a response rate of only 5%-10% [20]. The above situation has limited the clinical application of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors and caused a bottleneck in related studies. However, PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors, in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted drug therapy, and other immunotherapies, are capable of increasing CD8⁺ T cell number in the patient's tumor microenvironment, disrupting tumor immune escape, and enhancing the antitumor effect of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors [18, 21]. According to REGONIVO trial, relying on the co-treatment of Regorafenib and anti-PD1 therapy, the response rate of MSS CRC patients can reach 33% [22, 23], but it is still not ideal. Therefore, improving the effect of anti-PD1 therapy is of great significance for CRC immunotherapy. Currently, many clinical trials of combined therapy are ongoing. The aim is to explore therapeutic strategies to achieve greater benefit in patients with advanced CRC with MSI-H, to break immune resistance in patients with MSS CRC, and to expand the population benefiting from this treatment approach. In a meta-analysis, PD-L1 positive patients enjoy much more clinical benefits relative to negative patients [24]. Therefore, increasing the expression regarding PD-L1 on tumor cell surface can assist in making anti-PD1 immunotherapy more sensitive.

The study confirmed that ZnC up-regulated PD-L1 expression both in mRNA and protein level, which indicated that ZnC might be an adjuvant drug for improving anti-PD1 immunotherapy in CRC. This result greatly inspired us to continue to explore its molecular mechanism. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) refer to single stranded molecules that regulate RNA, and the length is 21-23 nt. They are capable of complementing the 3’-untranslated region of target mRNA, causing the cleavage of mRNA and/or the inhibition of translation, thereby monitoring the gene expression. Based on documents, above five miRNAs are selected as the testing objects [10, 25–30]. qRT-PCR helped to demonstrate the down-regulation of miR-570 expression in HCT116 as well as LOVO cells, whereas expression of miR-513a, miR-200a, miR-34a, and miR-146a was inconsistent in the two cell lines. This does not mean that miR-513a, miR-200a, miR-34a, and miR-146a do not regulate PD-L1, but based on their consistent results in the two cell lines, miR-570 may assist in regulating PD-L1 in more CRC populations. Li-Li Wang et al. found that miR-570 targeted PD-L1 was able to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and induce cell apoptosis. The binding sites of miR-570 existed in the 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTR) of PD-L1 [31]. Therefore, these results demonstrated that ZnC might prevent human CRC cells from the perspectives of proliferation, invasion and migration, and up-regulate PD-L1 expression through down-regulating miR-570 expression.

Based on the in vivo experiments, we confirmed that CD8⁺ T cell expression presented a moderate increase after adding ZnC via both immunohistochemistry and mass cytometry. The results also showed that immunosuppressive cells including tregs, MDSC, and M2 macrophages decreased after the addition of ZnC. M2 macrophages can generate angiogenic factors, like VEGF, PDGF, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), meanwhile inducing neovascularization [32, 33] Various secretory factors can mediate the immunosuppressive function possessed by MDSCs, like prolandin E2 (PGE2), IL-10, TGF-β, nitric oxide (NO) and arginase 1 (Arg1) [34], as well as ROS, G-CSF and Arg1 for granulocytic-MDSCs [35]. MDSCs are capable of secreting MMP9 for promoting the anti-PD1 resistance cleavage of PD-L1 surface expression, which is dependent of MMP9 [36], and hypoxia restricts the anti-tumor function exhibited by anti-PD1 Abs. Tregs express multiple immune checkpoints, inhibit the cytotoxic function as well as proliferation regarding conventional effector T cells, meanwhile assisting in maintaining an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The above analysis shows that reducing immunosuppressive cells is beneficial to create a tumor microenvironment that is conducive to anti-PD1 immunotherapy.

Our results also demonstrate that ZnC is capable of promoting CD8⁺ T cell infiltration in tumors. All of these findings enrich the function of ZnC to assist in enhancing anti-PD1 immune efficacy in CRC. Additionally, we assessed the overall expression of CD8⁺ PD1, CD8⁺ TIGIT, CD8⁺ CCR6, CD8⁺ IFNg and CD8⁺ ICOS in the immune microenvironment. As found, after the addition of ZnC, CD8⁺ CCR6 noticeably decreased whereas CD8⁺ ICOS expression increased. ICOS presents up-regulation in the activated T lymphocytes, primarily after the anti-CTLA-4 therapies [37]. As revealed by Fan et al., by blocking CTLA-4 and participating in ICOS with tumor cell vaccine, engineered expression of ICOS ligand resulted in a qualitative and quantitative increase in the anti-tumor immune response in mice that had developed prostate cancer and melanoma significantly promoted rejection [38]. A study that assessed the CCR6 expression in colon cancer detected CCR6 expression in samples from colon cancer patients for the first time and revealed its higher expression in colon cancer relative to normal controls. Furthermore, CCR6 expression presented a positive relation to lymph node status and metastasis. Actually, CCR6 is most highly expressed in metastatic colon cancer cells [39]. These results fully demonstrated that anti-PD1 therapy was more sensitive in a tumor microenvironment with CD8⁺ T cell enrichment, decreased immunosuppressive cells, and elevated PD-L1 on the tumor cell surface. However, there are too few samples detected by mass cytometry and the current results can only represent a trend, and more samples need to be verified in the future. We look forward to more research on the combination of drugs and PD1 mAbs flourishing in the field of cancer immunotherapy.

Conclusions

The present study reveals that ZnC slows the progression of CRC by inhibiting the proliferation, invasion and migration and up-regulates PD-L1 expression via inhibiting miR-570. The ZnC-anti-PD1 co-treatment assists in synergically strengthening the efficacy exhibited by anti-tumor in CRC therapy (Figure 8).

Pattern diagram showing that ZnC slows the progression of CRC by inhibiting the proliferation, invasion and migration and up-regulates PD-L1 expression via inhibiting miR-570. The combination of ZnC and anti-PD1 therapy is beneficial to synergically increase efficacy of anti-tumor in CRC therapy.

Figure 8. Pattern diagram showing that ZnC slows the progression of CRC by inhibiting the proliferation, invasion and migration and up-regulates PD-L1 expression via inhibiting miR-570. The combination of ZnC and anti-PD1 therapy is beneficial to synergically increase efficacy of anti-tumor in CRC therapy.

Materials and Methods

Cell cultures and drug treatment

The Type culture bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences provided human CRC cell lines (HCT116 and LOVO) as well as mouse CRC cell lines (MC38). HCT116 and LOVO cells underwent culturing treatment in DMEM (Adding 10% FBS); 50 U /mL penicillin and 50mg /mL streptomycin (Gibco, USA). MC38 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco, USA) that contained 10% FBS, 50 U/mL penicillin and 50 mg/mL streptomycin. We cultured all cell lines in an incubator at 37° C and 5% CO₂.

Cell proliferation experiments

We placed HCT116 and LOVO cells in 96-well plates (2000 cells/well), treating them using 10μ L CCK8 solution (RiboBio, China). ZnC (Polaprezinc, Selleck, USA,10 mM) was applied to cells at 0h, 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h respectively. Subsequently, we studied the absorbance of cells at 450 nm when employing a microplate reading element as per the instruction of manufacturer (Synergy, USA). Using the Cell-light EdU DNA Cell Proliferation Kit (RiboBio, China), we performed EdU experiments for evaluating Cell proliferation. First, 8 × 10⁴ CRC cells were electroplated on 24-well plates, and ZnC (10 mM) treatment was performed for 24h when the cells reached 80-90% fusion degree. Then both cell lines were fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde, followed by one day of incubation in 10mmol/L EdU solution. Finally, cell lines received the treatment of Apollo Dye Solution and DAPI respectively as per the manufacturer's procedures. Olympus FSX100 microscope (Olympus, Japan) assisted in counting the collected EdU merged cells.

Transwell invasion assay

HCT116 and LOVO cells (3 ×10⁵ cells) were respectively tiled into the upper chamber containing 300μl serum-free medium, with ZnC (10 mM) pretreating for 24h. The transwell chamber was laid with matrix mixtures (BD Biosciences, USA) for the invasion tests. We used 600μl complete medium with 10% FBS to fill the bottom cavity, which is a chemical attractant specific to CRC cells. Following 24-hour incubation, the cells invading the outer membrane underwent 10 minutes of fixing treatment in 4% paraformaldehyde, followed by 15 min of staining using Crystal Violet Staining Solution (Beyotime, China). Subsequently, the stained cells were photographed under the microscope and counted for analysis.

Wound healing assay

We placed HCT116 and LOVO cells on 6-well culture plates and these cells grew into cell monolayers with 90 - 100% confluence. Then, the monolayers were scratched by a standard 10μl pipette tip. Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS, Gibco, USA) served for slightly removing the free floating cells as well as debris. Afterwards, serum-free medium containing 10 mM concentration of ZnC was added, and the plate received incubation at 37 normal temperature. The inverted microscope recorded the widths of the scratch gap after 0h, 24h and 48h.

Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase reaction (qRT-PCR)

TRIzol reagent served for isolating total RNA from cells according to Invitrogen's manufacturing process. CDNA and miRNAs of PD-L1 were synthesized using reverse transcription kit (Takara, Japan) together with RiboBio (RiboBio, China). Human PD-L1 primer sequences were 5' -TCACTTGGTAATTCTGGGAGC-3 '(forward) and 5'-CTTTGAGTTTGTATCTTGGATGCC-3 '(backward). GAPDH and U6 were adopted for normalizing the expressions of PD-L1 and miRNA before calculation.

In vivo tumor mice model and treatment

Animal experiments are completed with the approval of the Animal Management Committee of Nanjing Medical University, and all experimental procedures and animal care conform to the institutional ethics of animal experiments. Twenty male C57BL/6 mice (5 weeks old) came from the Experimental Animal Center of Nanjing Medical University and reared under the specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions. For building subcutaneous tumor-bearing mouse model, C57BL/6 mice received subcutaneous inoculation with 1×10⁶ murine MC38 cells mixed in 100μl PBS in the right axillary region. After that, every 5 mice were randomly assigned to one group. Different groups were as follows: PBS, ZnC, anti-PD1, and anti-PD1+ZnC. On the second day, ZnC (100 mg/kg, once every day) was gavaged into the mice in the ZnC and anti-PD1+ZnC groups. After 8 days, the mice in anti-PD1 and anti-PD1+ZnC groups underwent intraperitoneal injection with 200ug anti-mouse-PD1 (BE0273; Bio X Cell, USA) every three days. We measured the tumor size each 3 days and calculated the tumor volume based on the formula: volume (mm³) = width² × length/2. On day 21, we killed the mice using cervical dislocation, and examined the tumor samples for further analysis (Figure 5A).

Immunohistochemistry

Subcutaneous tumor specimens of CRC mouse models were taken, paraffin embedded, sliced to 4mm thickness, immunohistochemistry was performed. 0.01 mol/L citric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0; Kaigen, China). At room temperature, we enclosed the samples in PBS containing 2% BSA for one hour and then treated them using CD8 mAb (Abcam, UK), Ki-67 (Abcam, UK) and PD-L1 (Abcam, UK) 4° C, then enzyme-conjugate secondary antibody (Abcam, UK) at room temperature for 1 hour. The next day 3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB; Kaigen, China) was administered, according to manufacturer's instructions. A laser scanning confocal microscope (Zeiss, Germany) served for capturing images.

Mass cytometry

The tissue samples were obtained from the PBS and ZnC tumor-bearing groups. We treated mouse tumor tissue with the Miltenyi Mouse Tumor Isolation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec, Germany), and Percoll removed debris and divided red blood cells. We carried out the experiment in PLTTECH (China).

Statistical analysis

GraphPad Prism 8.0 software served for statistical analysis. All data are in the form of mean ± SD unless otherwise stated. Unless otherwise noted, the 2 tail-student t test was used to compare 2 independent samples. ANOVA, 2-tailed, is used to determine variation between or between groups unless otherwise noted. A P < 0.05 reported statistical significance.

Author Contributions

WWT and RS conceived and designed the experiments; WWT, HYL, and XL performed the experiments; TCO and NFR directed the project and revised the language; WWT obtained funds; and WWT and RS drafted and revised the manuscript. All authors gave final approval of the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Ethical Statement

All animal experimental methods involved in this study are approved by the Animal Management Committee of Nanjing Medical University.

Funding

No funding was provided for this study.

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