Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 11 pp 10074—10107
Immunotherapy, prognostic, and tumor biomarker based on pancancer analysis, SMARCD3
- 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
Received: November 28, 2023 Accepted: April 10, 2024 Published: June 11, 2024
https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.205921How to Cite
Copyright: © 2024 Guo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Background: SMARCD3 has recently been shown to be an important gene affecting cancer, playing an important role in medulloblastoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Therefore, we conducted this research to investigate the potential involvement of SMARCD3 across cancers and to offer recommendations for future studies.
Methods: Utilizing information on 33 malignancies in the UCSC Xena database, SMARCD3 expression and its prognostic value were assessed. The tumor microenvironment was evaluated with the “CIBERSORT” and “ESTIMATE” algorithms. SMARCD3 and immune-related genes were analyzed using the TISIDB website. The pathways related to the target genes were examined using GSEA. MSI (microsatellite instability), TMB (tumor mutational burden), and immunotherapy analysis were used to evaluate the impact of target genes on the response to immunotherapy.
Results: There is heterogeneity in terms of the expression and prognostic value of SMARCD3 among various cancers, but it is a risk factor for many cancers including uterine corpus endometrial cancer (UCEC), renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), and gastric adenocarcinoma (STAD). GSEA revealed that SMARCD3 is related to chromatin remodeling and transcriptional activation, lipid metabolism, and the activities of various immune cells. The TMB and MSI analyses suggested that SMARCD3 affects the immune response efficiency of KIRC, LUAD and STAD. Immunotherapy analysis suggested that SMARCD3 may be a potential immunotherapy target. RT-qPCR demonstrated the variation in SMARCD3 expression in KIRC, LUAD, and STAD.
Conclusion: Our study revealed that SMARCD3 affects the prognosis and immunotherapy response of some tumors, providing a direction for further research on this gene.
Abbreviations
ACC: adrenocortical cancer; BLCA: bladder urothelial carcinoma; BRCA: breast invasive carcinoma; CESC: cervical and endocervical cancer; CHOL: cholangiocarcinoma; COAD: colon adenocarcinoma; DFS: disease-free survival; DSS: disease-specific survival; DLBC: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; ESCA: esophageal carcinoma; GBM: glioblastoma multiforme; GO: Gene Ontology; GSEA: Gene Set Enrichment; HNSC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; KICH: kidney chromophobe; KIRC: kidney clear cell carcinoma; KIRP: kidney papillary cell carcinoma; LAML: acute myeloid leukemia; LGG: brain lower grade glioma; LIHC: liver hepatocellular carcinoma; LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC: lung squamous cell carcinoma; MESO: mesothelioma; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; MSI: microsatellite instability; OS: overall survival; OV: ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma; PAAD: pancreatic adenocarcinoma; PCPG: pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma; PFS: progression-free survival; PRAD: prostate adenocarcinoma; READ: rectum adenocarcinoma; SARC: sarcoma; SKCM: skin cutaneous melanoma; STAD: stomach adenocarcinoma; ssGSEA: single-sample gene set enrichment method; TGCT: testicular germ cell tumor; THCA: thyroid carcinoma; THYM: thymoma; TMB: tumor mutational burden; UCA1: urothelial carcinoma associated 1; UCEC: uterine corpus endometrioid carcinoma; UCS: uterine carcinosarcoma; UVM: uveal melanoma.