Research Paper|Volume 13, Issue 4|pp 5571—5584

The joint effect of energy reduction with calcium supplementation on the risk factors of type 2 diabetes in the overweight population: a two-year randomized controlled trial

Wei Wei¹, Wenbo Jiang¹, Wenbo Gu¹, Huanyu Wu¹, Haiyang Jiang¹, Guili Li¹, Qingrao Song¹, Jiaxin Huang², Xuanyang Wang¹, Lulu Wang¹, Changhao Sun¹, Tianshu Han¹, Ying Li¹

¹Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
²Department of Postgraduate, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China

* Equal contribution

Received: October 1, 2020Accepted: December 10, 2020Published: February 11, 2021

https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.202485

Copyright: © 2021 Wei et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract

Both excessive energy intake and low calcium intake are inversely associated with the aging-related diseases, particularly for type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). This study examined whether energy reduction coupled with calcium supplementation aided in the prevention of T2DM among the overweight population. A randomized controlled trial(RCT) of 1021 overweight participants was performed, in which participants were randomly assigned to 4 groups: 1) energy-reduction group(ERG), 2) calcium supplementation group(CSG), 3) energy-reduction with calcium supplementation group(ER-CSG), 4) control group(CG). Nutritional habits, anthropometric and diabetes-related indicators were measured at baseline and each follow-up time. To analyze the separate effects of dietary energy reduction and calcium supplementation, ERG and ER-CSG were integrated into ERGs. Similarly, CSG and ER-CSG were integrated into CSGs. Compared to the non-energy-reduction groups(NERGs), ERGs had lower values of ΔBMI(-0.9kg/m²), ΔFSG (-0.34mmol/L), ΔHbA1c(0.16%), and ΔHOMA-IR(-0.13), and higher value of ΔGutt index(-5.82). Compared to the non-calcium supplementation groups(NCSGs), the ΔGutt index(-5.46) in CSGs showed a significant decrease. Moreover, these risk factors for T2DM were most effectively ameliorated in ER-CSG group with the decreased values of ΔFSG(-0.42mmol/L), ΔGutt index(-0.73), and the slowest increasing rate value of Δ2h-glucose(0.37mmol/L). This RCT demonstrated that energy-reduction with calcium supplementation was a useful dietary intervention strategy for preventing the development of T2DM in the overweight population.