Research Paper Volume 13, Issue 4 pp 5475—5484
LncRNA PCGEM1 contributes to malignant behaviors of glioma by regulating miR-539-5p/CDK6 axis
- 1 Department of Intensive Care Unit, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- 2 Neurosurger Department, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- 3 Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
- 4 Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
Received: July 17, 2020 Accepted: December 9, 2020 Published: February 11, 2021
https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.202476How to Cite
Copyright: © 2021 Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Background: Glioma, one of the most prevalent and aggressive cancers, is regulated by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). This study aims to research the functional mechanism of lncRNA PCGEM1 involved in glioma progression.
Methods: Expression levels of PCGEM1, miR-539-5p and CDK6 were analyzed by qRT-PCR in NHA, U251, U87, and LN229 cells or glioma tissues. shRNAs were used to knock down PCGEM1 in U251 and LN229 cells. Kaplan-Meier curve and log rank test were utilized to examine survival rate. CCK8 (Cell Counting Kit-8) assay, colony formation assay and EdU staining were conducted to detect cell proliferation. Transwell assay was performed to evaluate cell migration and invasion. Luciferase reporter assay was conducted to assess RNA interaction between PCGEM1 and miR-539-5p. Nude mice were used for tumor xenograft assay.
Results: LncRNA PCGEM1 was upregulated in glioma tissues and tumor cell lines. PCGEM1 upregulation predicted unsatisfactory prognosis. PCGEM1 knockdown inhibited proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion. PCGEM1 knockdown delayed tumor growth in vivo. PCGEM1 played as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-539-5p to promote CDK6 expression. MiR-539-5p mimics repressed glioma progression while CDK6 overexpression reversed the roles of PCGEM1 knockdown.
Conclusion: PCGEM1 knockdown suppressed glioma progression through sponging miR-539-5p and regulating CDK6 expression, implying PCGEM1 as a potential therapeutic target.
Introduction
Glioma is one of the most prevalent and aggressive tumor cancers and results in a great number of cancer-associated deaths worldwide [1]. Glioma accounts for about 80% of all tumors in the central nervous system [2]. The overall survival rate of glioma patients still remains very low [3]. According to the pathologic growth and diffusion velocity features, glioma could be graded into I–IV [4]. However, most patients are diagnosed at advanced stages and metastasis occurs, which makes treatment more difficult. Hence, it is urgent to understand the molecular mechanism underlying glioma progression and develop novel therapeutic targets.
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are characterized by 200 nucleotides in length and limited protein-coding potential [5]. Growing studies suggest that lncRNAs regulate multiple biological roles, such as cell growth, metastasis and apoptosis [6]. LncRNA may work as the functional molecule and serve as a completing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miRNAs [7]. They could restrain miRNA activity to regulate mRNA level [7]. Dysregulation of lncRNA is observed to affect tumorigenesis. For example, LINC01638 is upregulated in liver cancer and enhances tumor growth through regulating glucose uptake [8]. LncRNA UCA1 interacts with miR-28-5p to regulate HOXB3 expression and promotes colon cancer growth and invasion [9]. In addition, lncRNA UCA1 regulates metastasis of tongue tumor cells by sponging miR-124 [10]. In view of the pivotal functions of lncRNAs in cancer, it is important to investigate how lncRNAs participate in glioma progression.
PCGEM1 is discovered to promote prostate cancer progression [11]. Recent studies also revealed its oncogenic functions in gastric cancer and endometrial carcinoma [12, 13]. Our study for the first time explored the role of PCGEM1 in glioma cells. We demonstrated that PCGEM1 level was increased in glioma tissues and its knockdown suppressed glioma proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. We showed that PCGEM1 promoted CDK6 expression through inhibiting miR-539-5p. Summarily, our findings suggest that PCGEM1 plays oncogenic functions in glioma cells through modulating miR-539-5p/CDK6 pathway.
Results
PCGEM1 expression in glioma cells
The expression of PCGEM1 in 43 glioma tissues and their corresponding adjacent normal tissues was analyzed through qRT-PCR. Results showed that PCGEM1 level was increased in glioma tissues (Figure 1A), which was confirmed by Northern blot analysis (Figure 1B). These glioma tissues were divided into two subgroups based on WHO grades. qRT-PCR indicated that PCGEM1 expression was higher in glioma tissues with graded III/IV (Figure 1C). qRT-PCR found that PCGEM1 levels were raised in glioma cell lines compared to NHA cells (Figure 1D). Finally, the survival rate of patients with glioma observed in the clinic was analyzed based on PCGEM1 expression. Results showed that PCGEM1 high expression was associated with poor prognosis (Figure 1E).
Figure 1. PCGEM1 expression in glioma. (A) PCGEM1 expression in glioma tissues and adjacent normal tissues. (B) Northern blot was performed to analyze PCGEM1 expression in glioma tissues. (C) Relative expression of PCGEM1 in glioma tissues with different grades. (D) PCGEM1 expression in glioma cell lines was analyzed. (E) Survival rate was examined based on PCGEM1 expression. *P<0.05.
Effects of PCGEM1 knockdown on glioma cells
To investigate the role of PCGEM1, shRNA targeting PCGEM1 was utilized and transfected into U251 and LN229 cells. PCGEM1 expression was successfully knocked down by shPCGEM1 (Figure 2A). Results from CCK8 assay showed that PCGEM1 knockdown delayed glioma cell growth (Figure 2B). The EdU positive cells were fewer in shPCGEM1 group than that in NC group (Figure 2C). Colony formation assay also confirmed that PCGEM1 knockdown inhibited glioma cell proliferation (Figure 2D). Transwell assay showed that PCGEM1 knockdown suppressed the cell numbers of migration and invasion (Figure 2E, 2F). Moreover, animal xenograft experiment was performed and PCGEM1 knockdown delayed tumor growth in vivo (Figure 2G).
Figure 2. Effects of PCGEM1 knockdown on glioma cells. (A) PCGEM1 expression was knocked down using shRNA targeting PCGEM1. (B) CCK8 assay for proliferation assessment. (C) EdU staining for assessing proliferation. (D) Colony formation assay was performed to evaluate proliferation. (E, F) Transwell assay for migration and invasion. (G) Animal xenograft experiment assay was performed and tumor volumes were measured at indicated time points. *P<0.05.
PCGEM1 was the ceRNA for miR-539-5p
We further analyzed the potential miRNA target of PCGEM1 through miRDB tool. We identified miR-539-5p as the most potential candidate because it ranked top with the highest score. qRT-PCR analyses showed that PCGEM1 knockdown led to increased expression of miR-539-5p and vice versa (Figure 3A, 3B). Then, the wild-type (wt) and mutant (mut) luciferase reporter vectors were constructed (Figure 3C). Results showed that miR-539-5p mimics suppressed the activity of wt-PCGEM1 reporter in U251 and LN229 cells (Figure 3D), suggesting that PCGEM1 directly interacts with miR-539-5p. qRT-PCR results also indicated that miR-539-5p expression was reversely correlated with PCGEM1 in glioma tissues (Figure 3E).
Figure 3. PCGEM1 was the ceRNA for miR-539-5p. (A, B) Relative expression of miR-539-5p after PCGEM1knockdown or overexpression. (C) Predicted binding site in PCGEM1 with miR-539-5p through miRDB. (D) Luciferase reporter assay was performed. (E) Correlation between PCGEM1 and miR-539-5p expressions in glioma tissues (r=-0.6704; P<0.001; R square=0.4494). *P<0.05.
MiR-539-5p targeted CDK6
Afterwards, TargetScan tool was used to predict the target mRNA of miR-539-5p. CDK6 ranked top with the highest score. MiR-539-5p inhibition resulted in raised expression of CDK6 and vice versa (Figure 4A, 4B). Similarly, wt and mut-CDK6 luciferase reporter vectors were generated (Figure 4C). Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated the direct interaction between miR-539-5p and CDK6 (Figure 4D), which was further validated by RIP assay (Figure 4E).
Figure 4. MiR-539-5p targeted CDK6. (A, B) Relative expression of CDK6 after transfection with miR-539-5p inhibitors or mimics. (C) Predicted binding site in CDK6 with miR-539-5p through TargetScan. (D, E) Luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay were conducted to validate the interaction between miR-539-5p and CDK6. *P<0.05.
PCGEM1 promoted glioma progression through miR-539-5p/CDK6 pathway
It was observed that PCGEM1 knockdown suppressed CDK6 expression while miR-539-5p inhibition rescued its expression (Figure 5A), indicating that PCGEM1 sponges miR-539-5p from CDK6 mRNA. Moreover, we noticed that miR-539-5p mimics or CDK6 silencing suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells in vitro (Supplementary Figure 1A–1C). To explore whether PCGEM1 regulates glioma progression through miR-539-5p/CDK6 axis, CDK6 expression was rescued by transfection of pcDNA3-CDK6 vector (Figure 5B). Then CCK8 and transwell assays were conducted. Results showed that either PCGEM1 knockdown or miR-539-5p mimics suppressed glioma cell proliferation, migration and invasion while CDK6 overexpression reversed the effects of PCGEM1 knockdown (Figure 5C–5E). Therefore, PCGEM1 regulates miR-539-5p/CDK6 axis to promote glioma progression.
Figure 5. PCGEM1 promoted glioma progression through miR-539-5p/CDK6 pathway. (A, B) Relative expression of CDK6 after transfection of indicated vectors. (C) CCK8 assay for proliferation. (D, E) Transwell assay for analysis of cell migration and invasion. *P<0.05.
Discussion
Glioma is the most aggressive brain tumor and causes high mortality. However, its pathogenesis is still largely unknown. In this study, it was found that PCGEM1 was upregulated in glioma tissues and cell lines. And PCGEM1 upregulation predicted poor prognosis in glioma patients. PCGEM1 knockdown suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells. PCGEM1 was found to sponge miR-539-5p to facilitate CDK6 expression. Our findings demonstrate that PCGEM1 functions as oncogenic roles through regulating miR-539-5p/CDK6 pathway.
Emerging research has found that lncRNAs are important molecules in regulating tumorigenesis by serving as oncogenes or cancer suppressors [14]. The roles of lncRNAs in glioma have also been discovered. For example, lncRNA OIP5-AS1 promotes glioma growth and metastasis through targeting miR-410/Wnt-7b axis [15]. LncRNA DLX6-AS1 upregulation enhances proliferation and invasion of glioma cells through sponging miR-197-5p to upregulate E2F1 expression [16]. LncRNA TP73-AS1 binds to miR-124 to relieve p53 and promote glioma progression [17]. The function of PCGEM1 is mainly researched in prostate cancer. Several reports support that PCGEM1 is an oncogene in prostate cancer [11, 18]. Recent findings reveal that PCGEM1 may also function in other cancers, such as gastric cancer and endometrial carcinoma [12, 13]. Nevertheless, PCGEM1 function in glioma is not researched. This study identified that PCGEM1 was upregulated in glioma tissues and cells. And PCGEM1 knockdown repressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells, suggesting PCGEM1 is an oncogene.
Growing evidences have demonstrated that lncRNA-miRN-mRNA is an important regulatory manner in cancer [9, 17]. And miRNAs are crucial oncogenes or tumor suppressors in tumor. For example, lncRNA HULC interacts with miR-186 to promote HMGA expression, leading to liver cancer progression [19]. LncRNA LOXL1-AS1 modulates miR-541-3p/CCND1 pathway to promote prostate cancer growth and invasion [20]. In addition, lncRNA SNHG1 is the sponge for miR-145-5p to upregulate MTDH and enhance non-small cell lung cancer development [21]. In our study, we found that miR-539-5p was sponged by PCGEM1. Through luciferase reporter assay, we observed their direct interaction. PCGEM1 regulated miR-539-5p expression in glioma cells. MiR-539-5p has been reported to inhibit nasopharyngeal carcinoma development [22]. Our present study discovered the anti-cancer roles of miR-539-5p in glioma cells. We found that miR-539-5p is sponged by PCGEM1 and its upregulation suppressed glioma cell growth, migration and invasion.
Subsequently, CDK6 was proven as the target of miR-539-5p by bioinformatics, luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay. CDK6 is a classical oncogene and regulates cell-cycle progression in many types of cancers [23]. It has found that CDK6 positively regulates proliferation, migration and invasion of several cancer cells, such as esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and lung cancer [23–25]. Notably, previous work also highlighted the importance of CDK6 in glioma [26, 27]. Consistently, our results also showed that CDK6 overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells. Moreover, we revealed that CDK6 was regulated by PCGEM1 through inhibiting miR-539-5p in glioma cells.
Conclusions
In sum, the present research discovered that PCGEM1 was an oncogene in glioma by modulating miR-539-5p/CDK6 pathway, suggesting that PCGEM1 may be a novel therapeutic target. Our study for the first time defined the role of PCGEM1in glioma and illustrated the regulatory relationship between PCGEM1 and miR-539-5p/CDK6 axis.
Materials and Methods
Patients
43 glioma patients’ tissues (27 males and 16 females; mean age of 47.6±6.2 years) and adjacent normal tissues were collected from Wenzhou Central Hospital. None received other treatment before surgery. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Wenzhou Central Hospital. Experiments were performed in accordance with the Helsinki declaration. Written informed consent was obtained from very patient. Tissues were stored in liquid nitrogen until use.
Cell culture and transfection
Glioma cell lines and normal human astrocyte cells (NHA) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and cultured using Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting PCGEM1, miR-539-5p mimics, miR-539-5p inhibitors and negative controls were obtained from Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. Plasmids were transfected into cells using Lipofectamine® 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions.
qRT-PCR
Total RNA was isolated using TRIzol and transcribed into complementary DNA using the RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., MA, USA). Then qPCR was carried out using the QuantiNova™ SYBR® Green PCR kit. GAPDH was the internal standard. The primer sequences were as follows: PCGEM1 (forward: 5’-CACGTGGAGGACTAAGGGTA-3’, reverse: 5’-TTGCAACAAGGGCATTTCAG-3’); miR-539-5p (5’-GGAGAAATTATCCTTGGTGTGT-3’); U6 (5’-GCTTCGGCAGCACATATACTAAAAT-3’); CDK6 (forward 5’-TGGAGACCTTCGAGCACC-3’ and reverse, 5’-CACTCCAGGCTCTGGAACTT-3’) and GAPDH (forward 5’-CATCACTGCCACCCAG-3’ and reverse 5’-ATGCCAGTGAGCTTCCC-3’).
Cell proliferation assay
After transfection, cells were seeded into 96-well plates and cultured at indicated time. Then 10 μl of CCK-8 (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc.) solution was added and incubated for 2 h. Cell proliferation was then evaluated by measuring the absorbance at 450 nm through a microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.).
Colony formation assay
Transfected cells were seeded into 6-well plates and cultured for 14 days. Then cells were fixed with methanol and stained with 0.5% crystal violet. Colony number was counted finally.
Transwell assay
Cell migration and invasion were assessed by transwell assay. For migration, transfected cells were placed into the upper chamber (BD Biosciences) with serum-free medium. For invasion, cells were added into the Matrigel®-pre-coated (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) upper chamber. 600 μl medium containing 10% FBS was inoculated in the lower chamber. After cultured for 24 h, the migrated or invaded cells in the lower chamber was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained using 0.5% crystal violet. Cells were counted using an inverted light microscope.
Tumor xenograft assay
6-week old female Nude mice were randomly divided into two groups (n=5 for each group) and inoculated subcutaneously on the right flank with 2×106 U251 cells. Tumor volumes were measured every five days according to the formula: Tumor volume = (length×width2)/2. This experiment was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Central Hospital.
Luciferase reporter assay
The interaction between PCGEM1 and miR-539-5p was identified by miRDB. The interaction between CDK6 and miR-539-5p was predicted by TargetScan. The wild-type (WT) and mutant (Mut) sequences of PCGEM1 or CDK6 were cloned into o the pmirGlO Dual-luciferase miRNA Target Expression Vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Then luciferase vector and miR-539-5p were co-transfected into the glioma cells. After 24 h, the luciferase activity was detected using a Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega).
Statistical analysis
Results were expressed as the means ± standard deviation and analyzed through SPSS 22.0 (SPSS, Inc.). The significances of differences were analyzed through Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Correlation between RNA levels was examined using Spearman's correlation analysis. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Figure 1
Author Contributions
SLL and RSW participated in the conception and design of the study and performed experiments. MHC, XBW, RKY, XWA and QZ performed some experiments. RSW wrote the paper.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Funding
This study was granted by Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Department of Wenzhou (Y2020541).
References
- 1. Angelopoulou E, Piperi C. Emerging role of plexins signaling in glioma progression and therapy. Cancer Lett. 2018; 414:81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.010 [PubMed]
- 2. Lai NS, Wu DG, Fang XG, Lin YC, Chen SS, Li ZB, Xu SS. Serum microRNA-210 as a potential noninvasive biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of glioma. Br J Cancer. 2015; 112:1241–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2015.91 [PubMed]
- 3. Sathornsumetee S, Rich JN. New treatment strategies for malignant gliomas. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2006; 6:1087–104. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737140.6.7.1087 [PubMed]
- 4. Valadez JG, Sarangi A, Lundberg CJ, Cooper MK. Primary orthotopic glioma xenografts recapitulate infiltrative growth and isocitrate dehydrogenase I mutation. J Vis Exp. 2014; e50865. https://doi.org/10.3791/50865 [PubMed]
- 5. Gibb EA, Brown CJ, Lam WL. The functional role of long non-coding RNA in human carcinomas. Mol Cancer. 2011; 10:38. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-10-38 [PubMed]
- 6. Yuan JH, Yang F, Wang F, Ma JZ, Guo YJ, Tao QF, Liu F, Pan W, Wang TT, Zhou CC, Wang SB, Wang YZ, Yang Y, et al. A long noncoding RNA activated by TGF-β promotes the invasion-metastasis cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell. 2014; 25:666–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2014.03.010 [PubMed]
- 7. Kallen AN, Zhou XB, Xu J, Qiao C, Ma J, Yan L, Lu L, Liu C, Yi JS, Zhang H, Min W, Bennett AM, Gregory RI, et al. The imprinted H19 lncRNA antagonizes let-7 microRNAs. Mol Cell. 2013; 52:101–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2013.08.027 [PubMed]
- 8. Chen X, Wang L, Wang H. LINC01638 lncRNA promotes cancer cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma by increasing cancer cell glucose uptake. Oncol Lett. 2019; 18:3811–16. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10682 [PubMed]
- 9. Cui M, Chen M, Shen Z, Wang R, Fang X, Song B. LncRNA-UCA1 modulates progression of colon cancer through regulating the miR-28-5p/HOXB3 axis. J Cell Biochem. 2019; 120:6926–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.27630 [PubMed]
- 10. Zhang TH, Liang LZ, Liu XL, Wu JN, Su K, Chen JY, Zheng QY. LncRNA UCA1/miR-124 axis modulates TGFβ1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion of tongue cancer cells through JAG1/Notch signaling. J Cell Biochem. 2019; 120:10495–504. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.28334 [PubMed]
- 11. He JH, Zhang JZ, Han ZP, Wang L, Lv YB, Li YG. Reciprocal regulation of PCGEM1 and miR-145 promote proliferation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2014; 33:72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-014-0072-y [PubMed]
- 12. Zhang J, Jin HY, Wu Y, Zheng ZC, Guo S, Wang Y, Yang D, Meng XY, Xu X, Zhao Y. Hypoxia-induced LncRNA PCGEM1 promotes invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer through regulating SNAI1. Clin Transl Oncol. 2019; 21:1142–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-019-02035-9 [PubMed]
- 13. Li Q, Shen F, Zhao L. The relationship between lncRNA PCGEM1 and STAT3 during the occurrence and development of endometrial carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018; 107:918–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.091 [PubMed]
- 14. Tsang WP, Ng EK, Ng SS, Jin H, Yu J, Sung JJ, Kwok TT. Oncofetal H19-derived miR-675 regulates tumor suppressor RB in human colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2010; 31:350–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgp181 [PubMed]
- 15. Sun WL, Kang T, Wang YY, Sun JP, Li C, Liu HJ, Yang Y, Jiao BH. Long noncoding RNA OIP5-AS1 targets Wnt-7b to affect glioma progression via modulation of miR-410. Biosci Rep. 2019; 39:BSR20180395. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20180395 [PubMed]
- 16. Li X, Zhang H, Wu X. Long noncoding RNA DLX6-AS1 accelerates the glioma carcinogenesis by competing endogenous sponging miR-197-5p to relieve E2F1. Gene. 2019; 686:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.065 [PubMed]
- 17. Xiao S, Wang R, Wu X, Liu W, Ma S. The long noncoding RNA TP73-AS1 interacted with miR-124 to modulate glioma growth by targeting inhibitor of apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53. DNA Cell Biol. 2018; 37:117–25. https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2017.3941 [PubMed]
- 18. Petrovics G, Zhang W, Makarem M, Street JP, Connelly R, Sun L, Sesterhenn IA, Srikantan V, Moul JW, Srivastava S. Elevated expression of PCGEM1, a prostate-specific gene with cell growth-promoting function, is associated with high-risk prostate cancer patients. Oncogene. 2004; 23:605–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207069 [PubMed]
- 19. Wang Y, Chen F, Zhao M, Yang Z, Li J, Zhang S, Zhang W, Ye L, Zhang X. The long noncoding RNA HULC promotes liver cancer by increasing the expression of the HMGA2 oncogene via sequestration of the microRNA-186. J Biol Chem. 2017; 292:15395–407. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M117.783738 [PubMed]
- 20. Long B, Li N, Xu XX, Li XX, Xu XJ, Liu JY, Wu ZH. Long noncoding RNA LOXL1-AS1 regulates prostate cancer cell proliferation and cell cycle progression through miR-541-3p and CCND1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018; 505:561–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.160 [PubMed]
- 21. Lu Q, Shan S, Li Y, Zhu D, Jin W, Ren T. Long noncoding RNA SNHG1 promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by up-regulating MTDH via sponging miR-145-5p. FASEB J. 2018; 32:3957–67. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201701237RR [PubMed]
- 22. Sun KY, Peng T, Chen Z, Song P, Zhou XH. Long non-coding RNA LOC100129148 functions as an oncogene in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting miR-539-5p. Aging (Albany NY). 2017; 9:999–1011. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101205 [PubMed]
- 23. Chen Z, Hu X, Wu Y, Cong L, He X, Lu J, Feng J, Liu D. Long non-coding RNA XIST promotes the development of esophageal cancer by sponging miR-494 to regulate CDK6 expression. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019; 109:2228–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.049 [PubMed]
- 24. Deng M, Zeng C, Lu X, He X, Zhang R, Qiu Q, Zheng G, Jia X, Liu H, He Z. miR-218 suppresses gastric cancer cell cycle progression through the CDK6/Cyclin D1/E2F1 axis in a feedback loop. Cancer Lett. 2017; 403:175–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.006 [PubMed]
- 25. Liu Z, Lu C, Zhao G, Han X, Dong K, Wang C, Guan JZ, Wang Z. Downregulation of miR-218 by nicotine promotes cell proliferation through targeting CDK6 in non-small cell lung cancer. J Cell Biochem. 2019; 120:18370–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.29148 [PubMed]
- 26. Wu DM, Wang S, Wen X, Han XR, Wang YJ, Fan SH, Zhang ZF, Shan Q, Lu J, Zheng YL. Long noncoding RNA nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 impacts cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of glioma through regulating miR-139-5p/ CDK6. J Cell Physiol. 2019; 234:5972–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.27093 [PubMed]
- 27. Li Z, Zhang J, Zheng H, Li C, Xiong J, Wang W, Bao H, Jin H, Liang P. Modulating lncRNA SNHG15/CDK6/miR-627 circuit by palbociclib, overcomes temozolomide resistance and reduces M2-polarization of glioma associated microglia in glioblastoma multiforme. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019; 38:380. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-019-1371-0 [PubMed]