Research Paper Volume 11, Issue 21 pp 9616—9625
Association of CD44 gene rs187115 polymorphism with colorectal cancer risk and prognosis in Chinese Han population: a case-control study
- 1 Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- 2 Department of Anorectal Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Received: August 11, 2019 Accepted: October 26, 2019 Published: November 3, 2019
https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102408How to Cite
Copyright © 2019 Wan et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
The cell surface adhesion receptor CD44 reportedly affects the development and progression of cancers. Moreover, CD44 gene rs187115 polymorphism appears to be genetic determinant of cancer susceptibility. We investigated whether CD44 rs187115 polymorphism is associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk and prognosis. We enrolled 669 CRC cases and 826 controls in this three-center case-control study in a Chinese Han population. All individuals were genotyped by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Cross-over analysis, multivariate logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox regression analysis were used for analysis. In this study, CD44 rs187115 polymorphism was associated with increased risk for CRC. Stratified analyses revealed that CD44 rs187115 polymorphism was correlated with increased risk for CRC in females, drinkers, smokers, and those aged ≥ 60 years. In addition, rs187115 polymorphism was significantly associated with TNM III+IV stage, lymph node metastasis and tumor size in CRC patients. Combined effects of CD44 rs187115 polymorphism (GG/AG vs. AA) and environmental factors (smoking and drinking) further increased the risk of CRC. GG genotype carriers showed poorer overall survival than AA genotype carriers. Cox regression analysis showed that drinking, CD44 rs187115 polymorphism, and TNM stage were independent prognostic factors affecting CRC. These findings show that CD44 rs187115 polymorphism may be a potential biomarker predictive of CRC susceptibility and prognosis.
Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most commonly diagnosed cancers and a major cause of death from cancer worldwide [1]. For example, more than 1.8 million CRC cases and 881,000 related deaths were reported in 2018 [1]. In the United States, 135, 000 new CRC cases and 49, 000 CRC-related deaths were estimated in 2017 [2]. In China, CRC is the 4th most common cancer among women and the 5th most common among men [3]. The most important factor affecting the prognosis of CRC patients is early detection; while tumors are still localized, the 5-year survival rate is > 95% [4].
The pathogenesis of CRC is still unclear. Cigarette smoking [5], drinking [6, 7], dietary patterns [8, 9] are all risk factors for CRC. It is well known that interactions between genetic factors and environmental factors contribute to the occurrence and development of CRC [10]. Identifying new genetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction related to CRC would be of great clinical relevance.
The cell-surface glycoprotein CD44 is a major adhesion molecule within the extracellular matrix. By functioning as a receptor for osteopontin and hyaluronate, CD44 mediates cellular adhesion to cell-extracellular matrix [11]. CD44 also plays important roles in the differentiation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells [12, 13], is associated with poor clinical outcomes in cancer patients [14, 15]. The CD44 gene is located on chromosome 11p13 [16]. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CD44 gene may affect the protein expression, thereby influencing individuals’ susceptibility to cancer. In particular, a number of studies [17–25] have explored the association between the CD44 rs187115 polymorphism and cancer risk, though their findings have been inconsistent. One Chinese study [22] found that CD44 rs187115 polymorphism was not associated with CRC risk in a southern Chinese population. To assess this relationship in an eastern Chinese population, we designed a three-center case-control study to evaluate the association between CD44 rs187115 polymorphism and CRC risk. In addition, we explored the link between CD44 rs187115 polymorphism and the clinical features of CRC and its prognosis.
Results
Characteristics of the study population
The baseline characteristics of the participants are summarized in Table 1. There were no significant differences between the cases and controls with regard to age, sex and smoking habits. Notably, the distributions of drinkers in the cases differed from those in the controls (P <0.001). Among the 669 patients included in the study, 461 had colon cancer and 208 had rectal cancer. Among the CRC cases, 643 (96.1%) were adenocarcinomas, 18 (2.7%) were squamous cell carcinomas, and 8 (1.2%) were other types of CRC. Sixty-nine (10.3%) of the tumors were well differentiated, 517 (77.3%) were moderately differentiated, and 83 (12.4%) were poorly differentiated. Other clinical parameters investigated were TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, family history, and tumor size.
Table 1. Patient demographics and risk factors in colorectal cancer.
| Characteristics | Case (N=669) | Control (N=826) | P |
| Age | 61.11±10.93 | 60.47±15.07 | 0.343 |
| Sex | 0.627 | ||
| Male | 347(51.9%) | 418(50.6%) | |
| Female | 322(48.1%) | 408(49.4%) | |
| Smoking | 0.215 | ||
| YES | 369(55.2%) | 429(51.9%) | |
| NO | 300(44.8%) | 397(48.1%) | |
| Alcohol | <0.001 | ||
| YES | 463(69.2%) | 474(57.4%) | |
| NO | 206(30.8%) | 352(42.6%) | |
| Family history | |||
| YES | 98(14.6%) | ||
| NO | 571(85.4%) | ||
| Histological grade | |||
| well differentiated | 69(10.3%) | ||
| Moderately differentiated | 517(77.3%) | ||
| Poorly differentiated | 83(12.4%) | ||
| TNM stage | |||
| I+II | 335(50.1%) | ||
| III+IV | 334(49.9%) | ||
| Tumor size | |||
| >5 cm | 415(62.3%) | ||
| ≤5 cm | 254(37.7%) | ||
| Lymph node metastasis | |||
| NO | 398(59.5%) | ||
| YES | 271(40.5%) | ||
| Histology | |||
| Adenocarcinoma | 643(96.1%) | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 18(2.7%) | ||
| Others | 8(1.2%) | ||
| Location of colorectal cancer | |||
| colon cancer | 461(68.9%) | ||
| –rectal cancer | 208(31.1%) |
Relationship between CD44 gene rs187115 polymorphism and CRC risk
The genotype and allele distributions for CD44 gene rs187115 polymorphism differed significantly between the CRC patients and the controls (Table 2). There was no significant deviation in the genotypic frequencies from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) among the controls. Individuals with AG or GG genotype were at higher risk than those carrying the AA genotype (AG vs. AA: OR, 1.74; 95%CI, 1.41-2.16; P = 0.002; GG vs. AA: OR, 1.88; 95%CI, 1.27-2.78; P = 0.002). Similarly, subjects with the GG+AG genotype or G allele were found to have a significantly increased risk for CRC. These findings also held true in the homozygote and dominant genetic models after adjusting for sex and age.
Table 2. Genotype frequencies of CD44 gene polymorphisms in cases and controls.
| Models | Genotype | Case (n, %) | Control (n, %) | OR (95% CI) | P-value | *OR (95% CI) | *P-value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| rs187115 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Co-dominant | AA | 273(40.9%) | 454(55.0%) | 1.00(reference) | - | 1.00(reference) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heterozygote | AG | 332(49.8%) | 317(38.4%) | 1.74(1.41-2.16) | <0.001 | 1.63(1.31-2.02) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Homozygote | GG | 62(9.3%) | 55(6.7%) | 1.88(1.27-2.78) | 0.002 | 1.85(1.24-2.74) | 0.002 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dominant | AA | 273(40.9%) | 454(55.0%) | 1.00(reference) | - | 1.00(reference) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GG+AG | 394(59.1%) | 372(45.0%) | 1.76(1.43-2.17) | <0.001 | 1.66(1.34-2.04) | <0.001 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recessive | AG+AA | 605(90.7%) | 771(93.3%) | 1.00(reference) | - | 1.00(reference) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GG | 62(9.3%) | 55(6.7%) | 1.44(0.98-2.10) | 0.061 | 1.47(1.00-2.15) | 0.050 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allele | A | 878(65.8%) | 1225(74.2%) | 1.00(reference) | - | 1.00(reference) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | 456(34.2%) | 427(25.8%) | 1.49(1.27-1.75) | <0.001 | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The genotyping was successful in 667 cases and 826 controls for rs187115; | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bold values are statistically significant (P <0.05). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| *Adjust age and sex. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
We then further evaluated the effect of CD44 rs187115 polymorphism on the risk of CRC after stratification based on sex, age, alcohol and smoking (Table 3). The significant relationship between CD44 rs187115 polymorphism and CRC risk was more pronounced among female, smokers, drinkers, and patients aged ≥ 60 years.
Table 3. Stratified analyses between rs187115 polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal cancer.
| Variable | (case/control) | AG vs. AA | GG vs. AA | GG vs. AA+AG | GG+AG vs. AA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AA | AG | GG | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 177/230 | 137/158 | 31/30 | 1.13(0.83-1.53); 0.438 | 1.34(0.78-2.30); 0.284 | 1.28(0.76-2.16); 0.360 | 1.16(0.87-1.54); 0.306 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Female | 96/224 | 195/159 | 31/25 | 2.86(2.08-3.93); <0.001 | 2.89(1.62-5.16); <0.001 | 1.63(0.94-2.82); 0.080 | 2.87(2.11-3.90); <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Smoking | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 129/238 | 202/167 | 36/24 | 2.23(1.66-3.00); <0.001 | 2.77(1.58-4.84); <0.001 | 1.84(1.07-3.14); 0.027 | 2.30(1.73-3.06); <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 144/216 | 130/150 | 26/31 | 1.30(0.95-1.78); 0.103 | 1.26(0.72-2.21); 0.424 | 1.12(0.65-1.93); 0.682 | 1.29(0.96-1.75); 0.094 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alcohol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 159/266 | 253/180 | 49/28 | 2.35(1.79-3.09); <0.001 | 2.93(1.77-4.85); <0.001 | 1.89(1.17-3.07); 0.010 | 2.43(1.87-3.16); <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 114/188 | 79/137 | 13/27 | 0.95(0.66-1.37); 0.785 | 0.79(0.39-1.60); 0.519 | 0.81(0.41-1.61); 0.549 | 0.93(0.66-1.31); 0.659 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Age (years) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| <60 | 162/290 | 121/184 | 32/35 | 1.18(0.87-1.59); 0.285 | 1.64(0.98-2.74); 0.062 | 1.53(0.93-2.53); 0.096 | 1.25(0.94-1.66); 0.120 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ≥60 | 111/164 | 211/133 | 30/20 | 2.34(1.70-3.24); <0.001 | 2.22(1.20-4.10); 0.011 | 1.38(0.77-2.49); 0.279 | 2.33(1.70-3.19); <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bold values are statistically significant (P <0.05). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Combined and interactive effects of polymorphisms and environmental factors on the risk of CRC
We used cross-over analysis to evaluate the effects of the interaction between genetic factors and smoking or drinking on CRC risk (Table 4). For non-smokers and non-drinkers, the AG or GG genotype is not associated with a greater risk of CRC as compared to the AA genotype. For smokers, however, carrying the GG or AG genotype was significantly associated with an increased risk of CRC as compared to non-smokers carrying AA genotypes (GG + smoking vs. AA + non-smoking: OR, 2.25, 95%CI, 1.29-3.93; P = 0.004; AG + smoking vs. AA + non-smoking: OR, 1.81, 95%CI, 1.35-2.44; P < 0.001). Similarly, CRC patients who drank alcohol and carried the GG or AG genotype had a higher risk of developing CRC than patients who did not drink alcohol and carried the AA genotype (GG + drinking vs. AA + non- drinking: OR, 2.89, 95%CI, 1.72-4.85; P < 0.001; AG + drinking vs. AA + non- drinking: OR, 2.32, 95%CI, 1.72-3.13; P < 0.001). We found that significant combined effects of CD44 rs187115 polymorphism and drinking contributed to an increased risk of CRC (Table 5). This indicates that there is a potential interaction between genetic factors and environment factors in CRC.
Table 4. Genetic (G) and environmental (E) factors 2*4 fork analysis.
| Ga | Eb | Case | Control | OR (95%CI); P value | Reflecting information | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GG/AA | Smoking | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| + | + | 36 | 24 | 2.25(1.29,3.93); 0.004 | G (+), the role of E | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| + | - | 26 | 31 | 1.26(0.72,2.21); 0.423 | G (-), the role of E | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - | + | 129 | 238 | 0.81(0.60,1.10); 0.177 | E (+), the role of G | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - | - | 144 | 216 | 1.00 | E (-), the role of G | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AG/AA | Smoking | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| + | + | 202 | 167 | 1.81(1.35,2.44); <0.001 | G (+), the role of E | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| + | - | 130 | 150 | 1.30(0.95,1.78); 0.103 | G (-), the role of E | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - | + | 129 | 238 | 0.81(0.60,1.10); 0.177 | E (+), the role of G | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - | - | 144 | 216 | 1.00 | E (-), the role of G | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GG/AA | Drinking | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| + | + | 49 | 28 | 2.89(1.72,4.85); <0.001 | G (+), the role of E | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| + | - | 13 | 27 | 0.79(0.39,1.60); 0.519 | G (-), the role of E | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - | + | 159 | 266 | 0.99(0.73,1.34); 0.926 | E (+), the role of G | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - | - | 114 | 188 | 1.00 | E (-), the role of G | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AG/AA | Drinking | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| + | + | 253 | 180 | 2.32(1.72,3.13); <0.001 | G (+), the role of E | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| + | - | 79 | 137 | 0.95(0.66,1.37); 0.785 | G (-), the role of E | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - | + | 159 | 266 | 0.99(0.73,1.34); 0.926 | E (+), the role of G | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - | - | 114 | 188 | 1.00 | E (-), the role of G | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| aG (+): GG orAG genotypes of CD44 gene rs187115 polymorphism; G (-): AA genotype. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bE(+): smoking/drinking; E(-): non-smoking/non-drinking. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Table 5. The associations between CD44 rs187115 polymorphism and clinical characteristics of colorectal cancer.
| Characteristics rs2275913 | Genotype distributions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AA | AG | GG | AG+GG | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Histological grade | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MD/WD | 218/27 | 251/34 | 46/8 | 297/42 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OR (95%CI); P-value | 1.0 (reference) | 0.91(0.54-1.56); 0.744 | 0.71(0.30-1.67); 0.434 | 0.88(0.52-1.46); 0.613 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Histological grade | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PD/WD | 28/27 | 47/34 | 8/8 | 55/42 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OR (95%CI); P-value | 1.0 (reference) | 1.33(0.67-2.65); 0.413 | 0.96(0.32-2.94); 0.949 | 1.26(0.65-2.45); 0.491 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| TNM stage | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| III+IV/I+II | 120/153 | 175/157 | 38/24 | 213/181 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OR (95%CI); P-value | 1.0 (reference) | 1.42(1.03-1.96); 0.032 | 2.02(1.15-3.55); 0.015 | 1.50(1.10-2.05); 0.010 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tumor size | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| >5 cm/≤5 cm | 154/119 | 216/116 | 45/17 | 261/133 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OR (95%CI); P-value | 1.0 (reference) | 1.44(1.04-2.00); 0.030 | 2.05(1.12-3.75); 0.021 | 1.52(1.10-2.08); 0.010 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lymph node metastasis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| YES/NO | 95/178 | 144/188 | 30/32 | 174/220 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OR (95%CI); P-value | 1.0 (reference) | 1.44(1.03-2.00); 0.032 | 1.76(1.01-3.07); 0.047 | 1.48(1.08-2.04); 0.016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Family history | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| YES/NO | 36/237 | 52/280 | 10/52 | 62/332 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OR (95%CI); P-value | 1.0 (reference) | 1.22(0.77-1.93); 0.391 | 1.27(0.59-2.71); 0.544 | 1.23(0.79-1.92); 0.361 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Histology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adenocarcinoma/NOT | 260/13 | 322/10 | 59/3 | 381/13 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OR (95%CI); P-value | 1.0 (reference) | 1.61(0.70-3.73); 0.267 | 0.98(0.27-3.56); 0.980 | 1.47(0.67-3.21); 0.340 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Location of colorectal cancer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| colon cancer/ rectal cancer | 182/91 | 231/101 | 46/16 | 277/117 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OR (95%CI); P-value | 1.0 (reference) | 1.14(0.81-1.61); 0.444 | 1.44(0.77-2.68); 0.253 | 1.18(0.85-1.65); 0.319 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bold values are statistically significant (P <0.05). PD = Poorly differentiation, MD= Moderately differentiation, WD= Well differentiation. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Correlation between CD44 rs187115 polymorphism and the clinicopathological characteristics of CRC patients
We next assessed the relationship between CD44 rs187115 polymorphism and the clinicopathological characteristics of CRC patients. As shown in Table 5, the rs187115 AG or GG genotype was more frequent in patients with higher TNM stage (III+IV), larger tumor size (> 5 cm) and lymph node metastasis. In other words, CD44 rs187115 polymorphism was associated with TNM stage, tumor size and lymph node metastasis in CRC.
CD44 rs187115 polymorphism with CRC patient prognosis
We followed up 125 CRC patients to evaluate the effect of CD44 rs187115 polymorphism on the risk of CRC development (Table 6). Patients with the GG or AG genotype showed lower overall survival than those carrying the AA genotype (Figure 1). Univariate analysis indicated that rs187115 genotype (GG vs. AA, HR, 2.11, 95%CI, 1.03-4.31; P = 0.042), drinking (HR, 1.71, 95%CI, 1.01–2.90; P = 0.045), TNM stage (HR, 1.97, 95%CI, 1.17–3.30; P = 0.011), and tumor size (HR, 1.86, 95%CI, 1.11–3.12; P = 0.019) were associated with prognosis in CRC (Table 6). Subsequent multivariate analysis confirmed that drinking, CD44 rs187115 polymorphism, and TNM stage were independent prognostic factors in CRC patients.
Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier analysis of the effect of CD44 rs187115 polymorphism on overall survival among CRC patients.
Table 6. Prognostic factors in Cox proportional hazards model for colorectal cancer.
| Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P value | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Age, years | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ≥60/<60 | 1.32 | 0.77-2.26 | 0.321 | 1.39 | 0.78-2.49 | 0.268 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gender | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male/female | 0.74 | 0.44-1.26 | 0.743 | 0.93 | 0.50-1.73 | 0.825 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Smoking | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes/No | 1.14 | 0.68-1.90 | 0.621 | 1.28 | 0.72-2.27 | 0.406 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Drinking | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes/No | 1.71 | 1.01-2.90 | 0.045 | 2.02 | 1.10-3.69 | 0.023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Histological grade | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MD/WD | 0.48 | 0.22-1.08 | 0.075 | 0.62 | 0.24-1.60 | 0.325 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Histological grade | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PD/WD | 1.12 | 0.42-3.01 | 0.825 | 1.04 | 0.33-3.27 | 0.951 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| TNM stage | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| III+IV/I+II | 1.97 | 1.17-3.30 | 0.011 | 2.06 | 1.13-3.74 | 0.019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tumor size | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| >5 cm/≤5 cm | 1.86 | 1.11-3.12 | 0.019 | 1.48 | 0.83-2.67 | 0.188 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lymph node metastasis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| YES/NO | 0.96 | 0.51-1.81 | 0.896 | 0.72 | 0.34-1.52 | 0.382 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Histology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adenocarcinoma/NOT | 1.38 | 0.34-5.68 | 0.651 | 0.99 | 0.22-4.42 | 0.991 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Location of colorectal cancer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Colon cancer/ rectal cancer | 1.17 | 0.68-2.02 | 0.578 | 1.34 | 0.70-2.57 | 00.375 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genotype | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AG/AA | 1.60 | 0.90-2.85 | 0.111 | 2.15 | 1.14-4.07 | 0.019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GG/AA | 2.11 | 1.03-4.31 | 0.042 | 3.11 | 1.37-7.09 | 0.007 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bold values are statistically significant (P <0.05). PD = Poorly differentiation, MD= Moderately differentiation, WD= Well differentiation. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Discussion
In this study, we found that CD44 rs187115 polymorphism was associated with increased risk of CRC in this eastern Chinese population. Stratified analyses showed CD44 rs187115 polymorphism to be related to increased risk for CRC in male, drinkers, smokers, and older (≥ 60 years) individuals. Furthermore, this SNP was significantly correlated with TNM III+IV stage, lymph node metastasis and tumor size (>5 cm) in CRC patients. Cox regression analysis revealed that drinking, CD44 rs187115 polymorphism, and TNM stage were independent prognostic factors for CRC patients.
To date, several studies have investigated the association between CD44 rs187115 polymorphism and cancer risk with conflicting findings. Vazquez et al. found that CD44 rs187115 polymorphism was associated with weaker responses to chemotherapeutics and with poorer overall survival with soft-tissue sarcomas [17]. A subsequent study from Taiwan revealed that the gene-environment interactions between CD44 rs187115 polymorphism and betel quid chewing and smoking increase the risk of oral cancer [18]. Two other Taiwanese studies showed that this SNP was related to an increased risk and poor prognosis in bladder cancer [19] and hepatocellular carcinoma [20]. However, a study from China showed that CD44 rs187115 polymorphism was associated with a decreased risk for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but was also significantly related with bone metastasis and tumor stage for NSCLC patients [21]. Those investigators suggested this SNP might become a potential prognostic marker in NSCLC patients [21]. In another Chinese study [22], Chen et al. observed that rs187115 polymorphism was associated with the risk of cervical, lung, and liver cancer, but not with the risk of breast, gastric, colon or rectal cancer. In Indian populations, however, no significant association was found with gallbladder [23, 24] and bladder cancer patients [25]. In this present study, we found CD44 rs187115 polymorphism was associated with increased risk for CRC, which is different from the study by Chen et al [22]. We suggest the reasons for that discrepancy are as follows. First, exposure factors were different between these two studies. Second, the eating habits and living environments were distinct. Third, the clinical heterogeneity of CRC may also be a potential factor. And fourth, the sample sizes differed.
In the stratified analyses, data indicated CD44 rs187115 polymorphism was associated with increased CRC risk in drinkers, smokers, and older (≥ 60 years) individuals, indicating potential interactions between these expose risk factors and CD44 rs187115 polymorphism, which may contribute to an increased risk of CRC. Thus, we next used the cross-over analysis to evaluate the effects of these abovementioned factors on CRC susceptibility. Data suggested that the combined effects of CD44 gene rs187115 polymorphism and drinking were partly account for an increased risk of CRC (Table 4). However, no significant interaction between rs187115 polymorphism and smoking was observed. Next, this study addressed the association between rs187115 polymorphism and clinical characteristics of CRC patients. We found that the rs187115 polymorphism genotype carriers in CRC patients were associated with lymph node metastasis, tumor size > 5 cm, and TNM III+IV stage. In previous studies, Stotz et al. showed that rs187115 polymorphism in the stem cell gene CD44 predicted the outcomes in Stage II and Stage III colon cancer patients [26]. They indicated that CD44 rs187115 polymorphism showed a statistically significant association with recurrence [26], suggesting a risky role of this SNP in CRC patients, which was consistent with this study. However, Ramasami et al. indicated that CD44 was not associated with lymph node metastases or tumor stage [27].
We further evaluated the relationship between CD44 rs187115 polymorphism and CRC patient prognosis. 125 CRC patients were followed up to assess the effects of CD44 rs187115 polymorphism on the risk of CRC. Data indicated that AG+GG genotype carriers yielded poorer overall survival compared with AA genotype carriers. Cox regression analysis showed that drinking, CD44 rs187115 polymorphism, and TNM stage were independent prognostic factors in CRC patients, which was consistent with the findings by Liu et al. [21] that rs187115 polymorphism a poor prognostic factor for lung cancer. Vazquez et al. revealed that CD44 rs187115 polymorphism was related to increased risk for sarcoma-related death and lower drug sensitivity [17]. All these data suggested that CD44 rs187115 polymorphism may be a prognostic factor for different cancers.
There are several potential limitations to the present study. First, the sample size was relatively small. Second, selection bias was unavoidable in this case-control study. Third, the follow-up data on CRC patients were deficient in some cases. Fourth, the two populations may not represent the general population because only hospital patients were enrolled. Fifth, we only explored one SNP in the CD44 gene. Finally, we could not provide data from experiments with cells or mice that could shed light on the mechanisms responsible for why the rs187115 polymorphism is associated with an increased CRC risk and a poorer prognosis for CRC patients. Consequently, those mechanisms remain unclear.
In conclusion, CD44 rs187115 polymorphism is associated with increased risk and prognosis in CRC. Further studies with a larger, more diverse population will be needed to determine whether the involvement of the CD44 rs187115 polymorphism can be generalized to a broader population.
Materials and Methods
Subjects
In this three-center case–control study, 669 CRC patients and 826 sex- and age-matched controls were recruited from the Jiangsu Provincial of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University. All CRCs were confirmed histopathologically. The clinicopathologic characteristics of the CRC patients were extracted from medical records. The data collected included age, sex, smoking, alcohol intake, histological grade, family history, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor size, location of CRC, and the histology. Eligible controls were recruited from the same region as the cases during the same period.
This study was approved by the ethics committees of the Jiangsu Provincial of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University and met the standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants, and all the participants were above the age of 16.
Blood sampling and genotyping
DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes collected from the study participants using a DNA Purification Kit (Tiangen Biotech) according to the manufacturer’s instructions [28]. Genotyping was done with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) using a MassARRAY system (Sequenom, San Diego, CA, USA). The primers used for nucleotide extension reaction were AGAAAGATGTTATCATCGTCACTG (forward) and GATGCCTTCAGATGCGAGTA (reverse). About 10% of the selected samples were randomly chosen for genotyping twice to ensure the genotyping accuracy. The results were 100% concordant.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). The variables for cases and controls were estimated using Student’s t-tests (continuous variables) or Chi-square (χ2) tests (categorical variables). HWE was evaluated using a χ2-test. Using logistic regression analysis, the allele type and genotype distributions in two groups were evaluated by computing the crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Stratified analyses were conducted according to sex, age, alcohol and smoking status. Logistic regression analyses were also used to evaluate the exposure combination models. Overall survival was calculated from the date of surgery to the time of death using the Kaplan-Meier method. We also examined the potential effects of different intervening variables (sex, age, smoking, drinking, histological grade, TNM stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, histology, genotype of rs187115 polymorphism and location of CRC) on survival of CRC patients using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards method (Backward Wald). Values of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: Qian Wan, Dan Zhang and Tianshu Xu. Performed the experiments: Dan Zhang, Yujuan Wang and Qing Zhou. Analyzed the data: Ming Li and Dan Zhang. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: Yujuan Wang. Wrote the paper: Yang Song, Qing Zhou and Tianshu Xu.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest
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