Review Volume 10, Issue 5 pp 868—901
Origin and pathophysiology of protein carbonylation, nitration and chlorination in age-related brain diseases and aging
- 1 National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, Athens 11635 , Greece
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens 15701, Greece
- 3 Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius 2040, Lithuania
- 4 Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-236, Poland
- 5 Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow 35-601, Poland
Received: April 9, 2018 Accepted: May 8, 2018 Published: May 17, 2018
https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101450How to Cite
Abstract
Non-enzymatic protein modifications occur inevitably in all living systems. Products of such modifications accumulate during aging of cells and organisms and may contribute to their age-related functional deterioration. This review presents the formation of irreversible protein modifications such as carbonylation, nitration and chlorination, modifications by 4-hydroxynonenal, removal of modified proteins and accumulation of these protein modifications during aging of humans and model organisms, and their enhanced accumulation in age-related brain diseases.
Abbreviations
2D PAGE: two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; 3-NT: 3-nitrotyrosine; Aβ: Amyloid beta; ACR: acrolein; AD: Alzheimer's disease; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AOPP: Advanced Oxidation Protein Products; DNP: dinitrophenyl; DNPH: dinitrophenylhydrazine; ECM: extracellular matrix; ESI: electro spray ionization; GC: gas chromatography; 4-HNE: 4-Hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal; IP: immunoprecipitation; IPL: inferior parietal lobule; MDA: malondialdehyde; MCI: mild cognitive impairment; MPO: myeloperoxidase; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; MRM: Multiple Reaction Monitoring; MS: mass spectrometry; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; NS: nitr(os)ative stress; OS: oxidative stress; PD: Parkinson's disease; RCS: reactive carbonyl species; RNS: reactive nitrogen species; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RXS: reactive halogen species; SERCA: sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; αSyn: α-synuclein; Tg: transgene; WB: Western blot; XS: halogenative stress.