Research Paper Advance Articles
Causal role of immune cells in prostate cancer: a bidirectional Mendelian-randomization analyses
Figure 1. Assumptions of the Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis for immune cell signatures and PCa. The MR study assumes that genetic variants are associated with only immune cell signatures and not with confounders or alternative causal pathways, that is, the IVs affect the PCa only directly through immune cell signatures. IVs, instrument variables.