Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 10 pp 9251—9263
Trimethylamine-N-oxide promotes osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress by activating NF-κB pathway
Figure 3. TMAO enhanced RANKL-induced osteoclast-associated gene expression. (A) TMAO enhanced osteoclast gene expression (n = 4 per group) as examined by real-time PCR. (B, C) TMAO enhanced NFATc1, c-Fos, Cathepsin K, NF-κB p65, and Traf6 protein expression as evaluated by Western blot (n = 3 per group). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.