Figure 3. A step-by-step flow chart demonstrates the analytical methods employed and outlines the sequential execution of MR analysis. Step 1 involved conducting the MR analysis using the selected SNPs, followed by performing the MRPRESSO outlier test. If significance was detected (P < 0.05), we proceeded to step 2. In step 2, the MR analysis was reevaluated after removing all identified outliers (P < 0.05). Should heterogeneity persist, step 3 entailed excluding SNPs with a MR-PRESSO test P-value below 1 and reevaluating the MR analysis.