Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 4 pp 3107—3136

Figure 2. Nonlinear associations of metals with epigenetic gestational age acceleration (EGAA) and epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) at birth and in mid-childhood. EGAA and EAA were calculated from cord blood DNA methylation, and EAA was calculated from mid-childhood blood DNA methylation. Metal concentrations were mean-centered, scaled, and Winsorized. Nonlinearity of nutrients and metals was modeled using restricted cubic splines with knots at the 10th, 50th, and 90% percentile and fit using ordinary least squares regression. Models were adjusted for child sex, race and ethnicity, nulliparity, maternal age at enrollment, pre-pregnancy BMI, education, income, smoking, and estimated cell type proportions. Metal-EAA associations with p-values for nonlinearity < 0.05 are shown.