Research Paper Volume 15, Issue 21 pp 11740—11763

Figure 2. 1.5-AF inhibits inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation in an AIS model. Immunoblotting results after AIS (1,5-AF: n = 4, control: n = 4) (A). Semiquantitative analysis of immunoblots revealed that protein levels of TNF-α (B), Iba1 (C), and iNOS (D) were lower in 1,5-AF rats than in control rats. The protein level of arginase-1 (E) was higher in 1,5-AF rats than in control rats. Fluorescent double-stained images of TNF-α and NeuN (neurons) in the penumbra region (1,5-AF: n = 6, control: n = 6) (F). The percentage of NeuN cells co-stained with TNF-α was lower in 1,5-AF rats than in control rats (G). Photomicrographs of Iba1 immunoreactivity (1,5-AF: n = 6, control: n = 6) (H). There were fewer activated microglia in 1,5-AF rats than in control rats (I). Both the area (J) and perimeter diameter (K) of activated microglia were smaller in 1,5-AF rats than in control rats. Data are shown as the mean ± standard error. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001. Scale bars: (F) 30 μm, (H) Iba1 low-powered: 100 μm, Iba1 high-powered: 50 μm. Abbreviations: 1,5-AF: 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose; AIS: acute ischemic stroke; Iba1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.