Figure 5.Expression of Smad increased in C2C12 cells treated with indoxyl sulfate. SMAD Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated the indoxyl sulfate increased the SMAD expression at concentration of 250 uM (p < 0.05). The treatment of resveratrol (10 uM) decreased the expression of Smad in C2C12 cells co-treated with indoxyl sulfate. *p < 0.05, when comparing to the C2C12 cells treated with lentiviral reporting assay. Abbreviations: IS: indoxyl sulfate; pLVX-Puro: plasmid lentiviral expression vector; pLVX-Puro-SBE-Luciferase: plasmid lentiviral expression vector with Smad binding element luciferase; RSV: resveratrol.
