Figure 2.Lifetime fecundity and accumulative differences of egg production across the F0–F2 generations after 7-day PDMs of F0 parents with the LP, IP, or HP diet. (A0–A2)Average lifetime fecundity (i.e., total eggs produced by 1 female fly in its lifetime) was shown for the 100 mated females across three generations. The F0 females showed lower fecundity, as egg-production data collection was initiated when these flies were 11-day-old (because of the 7-day PDMs), while the F1 and F2 flies were 4-day-old. One-way ANOVA indicated a significant treatment effect among the control and 3 PDM groups in the F0 parents (P < 0.0001) and in their F1 and F2 offspring (P < 0.0001). Fisher's LSD (least significant difference) tests confirmed (P = 0.05) that lifetime fecundity was significantly reduced across all 3 generations after the LP PDM of the F0 flies, while increased across all 3 generations after the IP PDM or for the F0 and F1 generations after the HP PDM. However, lifetime fecundity for the F2 offspring was not increased after the HP PDM of the F0 flies (P > 0.05 for HP vs. CD). (B0–B2) Accumulative differences of egg production for the same 100 flies were plotted between CD and CD (black circle; 0 all the time in the graphs), LP (red diamond), IP (green circle), or HP (purple diamond) treatment over their whole “egg-laying” lives. The total eggs laid by the 100 control flies were 10933, 21081, and 20409 for the F0, F1, and F2 generations, respectively. The accumulative differences for the F1 and F2 generations were therefore normalized to the F0 generation (i.e., x 0.5186 or 10933/21081 for F1 and x 0.5357 or 10933/20409 for F2) for “straightforward” comparisons (but see supplemental Table S3 for details of egg-production results).
