Figure 3. RhTFAM treatment increases transcription of mtDNA and mitobiogenesis genes. (left) qPCR analyses of brain mtRNA gene levels as cDNA's in old (21 month) mice treated with rhTFAM or buffer CTL (n=9 each group), expressed as % mean CTL levels. For brains, all differences between young and old animals are significant at p<0.0001 (paired t-test). (right) Effects of rhTFAM on expression of PGC-1α in brain, heart and skeletal muscle of old (21 month) mice, expressed as % of mean CTL treatment values (n=9 each group). In heart, rhTFAM significantly elevated PGC-1± expression (p=0.0022 by paired t-test).