Research Paper Volume 17, Issue 3 pp 778—797

Figure 2. Error patterns related to age and trial difficulty level. (A) Increased age is correlated with committing a larger number of errors before reaching the performance criterion in the DNMS section of the DRST for both macaques (red) and marmosets (blue). (B) There were no significant species-specific differences in errors to reach the criterion. Similar patterns were identified in trials to criterion with (C) increased age associated with requiring more trials needed to reach criterion. (D) There were no significant interspecies differences in the number of trials to criterion. (E) Reduction in perseverative errors across Novice, Learner, and Expert Phases in both species. (F) Concurrent increase in primacy errors observed through these Phases for both macaques and marmosets. (G) There were significant associations between increasing age and more trials to transition from predominantly perseverative to predominantly primacy errors for macaques (red) and marmosets (blue). (H) During the Expert Phase, macaques more frequently misidentified remote (higher n-back) stimuli as novel compared to recent stimuli (lower n-back), suggesting retroactive interference. (I) Marmosets exhibit a similar pattern during the Expert Phase, also suggesting vulnerability to retroactive interference; mean ± SEM, ^*p < 0.05. Marmoset error distributions reproduced from Glavis-Bloom et al., 2022. Each circle in boxplots in (B and D) represents one subject, colors according to age of subject in color scales in Figure 1B for marmosets and 1C for macaques. Marmoset data presented in (A–G) are re-plotted from Glavis-Bloom et al., 2022.