Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 10 pp 9251—9263
Trimethylamine-N-oxide promotes osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress by activating NF-κB pathway
Figure 6. TMAO enhanced inflammation level during osteoclast differentiation, analyzed by the Bio-Plex murine 23-Plex Panel Kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories). (A) IL-1α and IL-2 were elevated in the culture in the existence of TMAO stimulation. (B, C) IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were also elevated, whereas IL-10 were significantly reduced in the TMAO cultures. RM: RANKL and M-CSF. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.