Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 10 pp 9251—9263
Trimethylamine-N-oxide promotes osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress by activating NF-κB pathway
Figure 2. TMAO promoted RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. (A) RAW 264.7 cells were cultured for 4 d with RANKL (50 ng/mL) and M-CSF (10 ng/mL) in the presence of varying concentrations of TMAO and then stained for TRAP activity. Representative photomicrographs were taken under a light microscope (magnification ×40). (B) TRAP-positive cells containing more than three nuclei were counted as osteoclasts; ** p < 0.01.