Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 10 pp 9168—9187

Figure 3. Chronic stress induces cognitive deficits in mice, which could be prevented by vitamin C and Chk1 inhibitor. (A) Schematic diagram for establishing chronic restraint stress model and treatment with vitamin C or Chk1 inhibitor. (B) The total time (s, left), distance (cm, middle) and time in central area (s, right) in open field test. (C) The time spending in open arm (%) in elevated plus maze test. (D) The sucrose preference ratio (%) in sucrose preference test. (E) The immobility time (s) in tail suspension test. (F) The immobility time (s) in forced swimming test. (G) The experimental design of novel object recognition test. Above is the training trial, below is the testing trial (after 24 hours). (H) Left: the recognition index to object A and object B in the training trial; Right: the recognition index to object A and object C in the testing trial. (I) The latency of the mice to find the target holes on different training day in Barnes maze test. (J) Errors (explore incorrect holes) (% in total) in the probe trial of Barnes maze test. All data represent mean ± SEM, n=10 per group, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P< 0.0001.