Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 10 pp 8630—8644

Neferine mitigates angiotensin II-induced atrial fibrillation and fibrosis via upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibition of TGF-β/p-Smad2/3 pathways

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Figure 2. Neferine inhibited Ang II-induced atrial cell size augmentation and atrial fibrosis. (A) Representative images of WGA staining illustrating atrial cell size in each group (n = 3, on the right). Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) Measurement of ANP and BNP mRNA levels by qPCR (n = 3). (C, D) Plasma ANP and BNP levels assessed using an Elisa kit. (E) Representative images of Masson's trichrome and Sirius Red-stained atrial sections depicting the degree of fibrosis; the fibrotic area in each group was quantified (n = 5, on the right). Scale bar: 50 μm. (F) Western blot analysis of collagen I and III protein expression in the atria, with corresponding statistical results on the right (n = 3). (G) Measurement of collagen I and III mRNA levels by qPCR (n = 5, on the right). Data are presented as mean ± SEM, and n represents the number of samples. *P < 0.05 for the difference compared with the Saline group; #P < 0.05 for the difference compared with the Ang II group.