Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 9 pp 8306—8319

Figure 4. Mendelian Randomization analysis of CSF Trimethylamine N-oxide levels and GBM. (A) The forest plot displays the estimated effects of individual SNPs of CSF Trimethylamine N-oxide levels on the risk of GBM. (B) The scatter plot maps the effects of SNPs on Trimethylamine N-oxide levels in CSF against their influence on GBM. (C) The MR-Egger intercept test for pleiotropy indicates the intercepts near zero, implying no significant horizontal pleiotropy that would undermine the validity of the instrumental variables used. (D) A leave-one-out sensitivity analysis shows stability in the causal estimation; removing individual SNPs does not alter the overall inference, as indicated by the clustering around the null line, underscoring the non-causal relationship between CSF Trimethylamine N-oxide levels and GBM.