Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 9 pp 7946—7960
Trigeminal nerve electrical stimulation attenuates early traumatic brain injury through the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway mediated by orexin-A/OX1R system
Figure 8. Schematic diagram depicting the potential mechanism and protective effects of trigeminal nerve electrical stimulation (TNS) on traumatic brain injury (TBI). TNS exerts neuroprotective effects in TBI model rats through inhibition of inflammation mediated by orexin-A (OX-A)/orexin receptor 1 (OX1R)/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B)/nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway.