Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 9 pp 7946—7960
Trigeminal nerve electrical stimulation attenuates early traumatic brain injury through the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway mediated by orexin-A/OX1R system
Figure 7. Trigeminal nerve electrical stimulation (TNS) decreases tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels after traumatic brain injury (TBI) via orexin-A (OX-A)/orexin receptor 1 (OX1R). Representative immunofluorescence staining and relative mRNA levels of TNF-α. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).