Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 9 pp 7946—7960
Trigeminal nerve electrical stimulation attenuates early traumatic brain injury through the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway mediated by orexin-A/OX1R system
Figure 4. Trigeminal nerve electrical stimulation (TNS) inhibits toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B)/nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) pathway after traumatic brain injury (TBI) via orexin-A (OX-A)/orexin receptor 1 (OX1R). (A) Protein levels of OX1R. (B) Protein levels of TLR4. (C) NF-κB (p65) protein level in the cytosol. (D) NF-κB (p65) protein level in the nucleus. (E) Protein levels of NLRP3. (F) Protein levels of caspase-1. (G) Protein levels of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC). Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).