Review Volume 16, Issue 3 pp 3021—3042

Figure 1. Estrogen-related signaling pathways. Abbreviations: E2: estradiol; AC: adenylate cyclase 1; ER: estrogen receptor; mGluR1a: metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1a; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PKA: protein kinase A; MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; Gs: guanine nucleotide-binding proteins; GPER: G protein-coupled estrogen receptor; PKCδ: protein kinase C delta; DAG: diacylglycerol; PLC: Portland Limestone Cement; IP3: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; IP3R: IP3 receptor; CAM: crassulacean acid metabolism; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; c-Src: cellular Src; pCREB: phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding; CoA: nuclear receptor coactivator.