Research Paper Volume 15, Issue 21 pp 11740—11763

Figure 6. Effect of 1.5-AF on brain inflammation in SAMP8 mice. Immunoblot analysis (A) revealed that protein levels of TNF-α (B), Iba1 (C), iNOS (D), and arginase-1 (E) were not significantly different between 1,5-AF and control mice (1,5-AF: n = 6, control: n = 6). TNF-α staining in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions (F). Co-stained images of NeuN (neurons; red) and TNF-α (green) in the Cortex (G). In all regions, TNF-α expression did not differ significantly between the two groups (H–J) (1,5-AF: n = 6, control: n = 6). Similarly, when analyzing the Iba1 staining of the cortex and hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions (K); the number (L–N), and cell size (O–Q) of Iba1-positive microglia did not significantly differ between 1,5-AF and control mice. In contrast, microglial perimeters (PE) were significantly smaller in CA1 (R), unchanged in CA3 (S), and smaller in Cortex (T) at 1,5-AF mice compared to Control mice. (1,5-AF: n = 6, control: n = 6). Data are shown as the mean ± standard error. ^*p < 0.05. Scale bar = 100 μm (F, G, K). Abbreviations: 1,5-AF: 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose; Iba1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; SAMP8: senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.