Research Paper Volume 15, Issue 21 pp 11740—11763
1,5-anhydro-D-fructose induces anti-aging effects on aging-associated brain diseases by increasing 5’-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activity via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α/brain-derived neurotrophic factor pathway
Figure 4. 1.5-AF inhibits inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation in high-salt-water SHRSPs. Immunoblot analysis (A) revealed that protein levels of TNF-α (B), Iba1 (C), and iNOS (D) were lower in 1,5-AF rats than in control rats. The protein level of arginase-1 (E) was higher in 1,5-AF rats than in control rats (1,5-AF: n = 6, control: n = 6). Fluorescent double-stained images of TNF-α and NeuN (neurons) in the motor cortex (1,5-AF: n = 8, control: n = 8) (F). The percentage of NeuN cells that were co-stained with TNF-α was lower in 1,5-AF rats than in control rats (G). Photomicrographs of Iba1 immunoreactivity (1,5-AF: n = 8, control: n = 8) (H). There were fewer activated microglia in 1,5-AF rats than in control rats (I). Both the area (J) and perimeter (K) of activated microglia were smaller in 1,5-AF rats than in control rats. Data are shown as the mean ± standard error. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Scale bar: (F) 30 μm, (H) Iba1 low-powered: 100 μm, Iba1 high-powered: 50 μm. Abbreviations: 1,5-AF: 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose; Iba1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; SHRSPs: stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.