Research Paper Volume 15, Issue 20 pp 10972—10995

Figure 6. Factors associated with cognitive impairment in patients with chronic kidney disease. (A) Violin plots of age, eGFR, and urea nitrogen showing differences between patients with and without cognitive impairment in the two CKD cohorts consisting of 980 adults. The bold or thin dashed lines indicate medians or inter-quartile ranges. Normality was assessed with the Shapiro–Wilk test. Statistical significance between the two groups was evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. (B) The volcano plot graphs show the associations of the demographic (square), kidney function (eGFR; diamond), complete blood count (triangle), and biochemical data (circle) including serum urea nitrogen with a risk of cognitive impairment in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Using the two CKD cohorts, we performed univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. The horizontal line indicates that the threshold of odds ratios (ORs) was 1.5, and the vertical line indicated that the threshold of P value of logistic regression models was 0.1. Red spots represent factors increasing the risk of cognitive impairment, and blue spots represent factors mitigating cognitive impairment. Model 1: univariate (left). Model 2: adjusted for age and sex (middle). Model 3: Model 2 plus BMI, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; OR, odds ratio.