Research Paper Volume 15, Issue 20 pp 10938—10971

Figure 1. Association analyses between long-term average alcohol consumption and EAAs in each age group and in pooled samples in the Framingham Heart Study. Age groups: young (24–44 years), middle-aged (45–64 years), older (65–94 years). The x-axis represents the effect size of alcohol consumption on GAA or PAA. Results are adjusted for sex, physical activity score, education level, BMI, smoke pack-year, chronological age, and lab. The long-term average drinking was calculated as the average of consumption (total alcohol or each type of alcoholic beverages) across up to 26 years. For continuous consumption variables, the effect size was in response to a standard drink per day. The drinking category was grouped based on the long-term average alcohol consumption, with light drinkers as the reference. Non-drinkers were defined as participants with average alcohol consumption equal to zero; light drinkers were defined as less than 1 drink per day for women and less than 2 drinks per day for men; at risk drinkers were defined as 1–2 drinks per day for women and 2–3 drinks per day for men; heavy drinkers were defined as more than 2 drinks per day for women and more than 3 drinks per day for men. Abbreviations: GAA: GrimAge acceleration; PAA: PhenoAge acceleration. Effect sizes and p-values can be found in Supplementary Tables 2, 3.