Research Paper Volume 15, Issue 16 pp 7866—7908

Figure 1. Effects of age and HIV-infection on Dectin-1 induced cytokine production in monocytes and dendritic cells. HIV-negative young adults (Young) (n=21), HIV-negative older adults (Older) (n= 24), HIV-positive young adults (HIV-Young) (n =14), and HIV-positive older adults (HIV-Older) (n = 22). Dot plots showing percent change in production of interleukin IL-10, IL-12 (p70 isoform), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) compared to baseline after stimulation with whole glucan particles (WGP or 1,3/1,6-β-glucan). The following comparisons indicated by asterisks were statistically significant using a Wilcoxon two-sample test with t approximation, which were then adjusted with a false discover rate (FDR) calculation for multiple comparisons. (A) Total cytokine production in CD11b+ activated monocytes. Young vs. Older: IL-12 (p= 0.00065), IL-6 (p= 0.006), TNF-α (p= 0.026), Young vs. HIV-Young: IL-12 (p=0.011), TNF-α (p=0.016), Older vs. HIV-Older: IL-12 (p=0.01), TNF-α (0.0057). (B) Total cytokine production in Inflammatory (CD14+CD16+) monocytes. Young vs. HIV-Young: IL-12 (p=0.0199), TNF-α (p=0.024), Older vs. HIV-Older: IL-10 (p= 0.011), TNF-α (0.032). (C) Total cytokine production in myeloid dendritic cells. HIV-negative young adults (n=21), HIV-negative older adults (n= 18), HIV-positive young adults (n =10), and HIV-positive older adults (n = 17). Dot plots showing percent change in production of interleukin IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-6 compared to baseline after stimulation with whole glucan particles (WGP or 1,3/1,6-β-glucan) (labeled as percent positive). The following comparisons indicated by asterisks were statistically significant using a Wilcoxon two-sample test with t approximation, which were then adjusted with a false discovery rate (FDR) calculation for multiple comparisons. i) IFN-α, Young vs. Older (p=0.0373), Young vs. HIV-Young (p=0.0004), Older vs. HIV-Older (p=0.011). ii) TNF-α, Young vs. Older (p=0.023), iii) IL-12, Young vs. HIV-Young (p=0.0001), Older vs. HIV-Older (p=0.001) iiii) IL-6, Older vs. HIV-Older (p=0.035). (D) Total cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. HIV-negative young adults (n=21), HIV-negative older adults (n= 18), HIV-positive young adults (n =10), and HIV-positive older adults (n = 17). Dot plots showing percent change in production of interleukin IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-6 compared to baseline after stimulation with whole glucan particles (WGP or 1,3/1,6-β-glucan) (labeled as percent positive). The following comparisons indicated by asterisks were statistically significant using a Wilcoxon two-sample test with t approximation, which were then adjusted with a false discovery rate (FDR) calculation for multiple comparisons. i) IFN-α, Young vs. HIV-Young (p=0.0003), Older vs. HIV-Older (p=0.011). ii) TNF-α, Older vs. HIV-Young (p=0.0085), iii) IL-12, Older vs. HIV-Older (p=0.0011). iiii) IL-6, Older vs. HIV-Older (p=0.035). All other comparisons were not significant.