Research Paper Volume 15, Issue 12 pp 5775—5797
Astaxanthin prevents osteoarthritis by blocking Rspo2-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in chondrocytes and abolishing Rspo2-related inflammatory factors in macrophages
Figure 2. (A) The chemical structure of astaxanthin. (B) Three-dimensional (3D) structure of astaxanthin. (C) The cytotoxic effect of astaxanthin (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μM) exposure for 24 and 48 h on chondrocytes was determined using a CCK8 assay. (D) The cytotoxic effect of astaxanthin (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μM) exposure for 24 and 48 h on macrophages was determined using a CCK8 assay. (E) Relative gene expression of osteoarthritic chondrocytes (OACs) and normal chondrocytes (NCs). (F) Relative protein expression of osteoarthritic chondrocytes (OACs) and normal chondrocytes (NCs). The data are represented as the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments (n = 3). ns: Not significant vs NC group; *p < 0.05 vs NC group; **p < 0.01 vs NC group.