Research Paper Volume 15, Issue 12 pp 5775—5797
Astaxanthin prevents osteoarthritis by blocking Rspo2-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in chondrocytes and abolishing Rspo2-related inflammatory factors in macrophages
Figure 1. Macrophage polarization in the synovial tissue of osteoarthritis patients. (A) qRT-PCR was used to detect the gene expression of M1 macrophage markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS), M2 macrophage markers (IL-10 and Arg-1) and Rspo2 in the synovial tissue of the two groups of patients. (B) TNF-α immunohistochemical staining for synovial inflammation in the two groups was performed. (C) Rspo2 immunohistochemical staining for synovial inflammation in the two groups was performed. The data are represented as the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments (n = 3). ns: Not significant vs Normal group; **p < 0.01 vs Normal group; ***p < 0.001 vs Normal group; ****p < 0.0001 vs Normal group.