Research Paper Volume 15, Issue 9 pp 3715—3737

Figure 1. Fecal microbiome distribution analysis in AD- and plasmon-activated water (PAW)-fed AD mice. The stool from AD and PAW-fed AD mice were prepared for fecal microbiotic profiling by high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene with the Illumina MiSeq system. (A) Alpha diversity of PAW-treated samples and untreated controls. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot based on (B) unweighted UniFrac distances of PAW-treated samples and untreated controls. Significant differences in beta diversity were evaluated with a permutational multivariate analysis of variance (vegan::adonis, 1000 permutations), and beta dispersion was quantified with a betadisper (vegan::betadisper, 1000 permutations). The PCoA unweighted UniFrac indices achieved adonis p < 0.05 and betadisper p > 0.05. (C) Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analysis of gut microbiotic changes in mice treated with PAW. Significant biomarkers were defined as taxa with an LDA score (log10) of  ≥ 2. (D) Prediction of PAW-fed induced metagenome functions change in AD mice based on 16S sequencing analysis by PICRUSt2 analysis. (E) Comparison of fecal microbiotic distributions in PAW-fed and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) AD mice.