Research Paper Volume 14, Issue 1 pp 109—142

Figure 4. Oral administration of Kampo formulas results in characteristic gene expression patterns in the hippocampus of 19-week-old SAMP8 mice. (A) Genes that were significantly down-regulated in the water-administered SAMP8 mice as compared with water-administered SAMR1 mice and that were significantly up-regulated by treatment with Kampo formulas, i.e., the green line, are referred to as V-shaped recovered genes. Genes that were significantly up-regulated in the water-administered SAMP8 mice as compared with water-administered SAMR1 mice and that were significantly down-regulated by treatment with Kampo formulas, i.e., the orange line, are referred to as reverse V-shaped recovered genes. (B) Venn diagrams showing differences and similarities in gene expression among Kampo formula–treated groups. Numbers in circles indicate the number of genes with statistically significant changes in expression (P < 0.05). The full list of genes depicted using lower-case letters is shown in Supplementary Table 1. (C) Heatmap of differential gene expression related to the inflammatory response in the hippocampus of SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, and ^***P < 0.001 (n = 5) vs. water-administered SAMP8 mice, using the likelihood ratio test. Abbreviations: KS: kososan; NKS: nobiletin-rich kososan; HJG: hachimijiogan; LPS: lipopolysaccharide.