Expression of Concern
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This article is currently under investigation. We strongly recommend that this article is not cited until the investigation is completed.
Research Paper Volume 13, Issue 17 pp 21251—21267
Betulinic acid induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis via Bmi-1/ROS/AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 axis in human bladder cancer cells
Figure 5. Autophagy mediates BA-induced apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. Cell viability and western blot assay results for EJ and T24 cells transfected with siATG7 or control siRNA (A) or pre-exposed to 10 μM CQ (B) or 250 nM rapamycin (Rap) (C) for 4 h prior to incubation with DMSO (control) or 25 μM BA for 24 h. The CCK-8 assay was used to assess cell viability. Western blot was employed to corroborate ATG7 deletion (A) and to analyze apoptosis (Bcl-2; cleaved caspase-3; cleaved PARP), and autophagy (LC3B-II) markers (A–C). *p<0.05, **p<0.01.