Expression of Concern
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This article is currently under investigation. We strongly recommend that this article is not cited until the investigation is completed.
Research Paper Volume 13, Issue 17 pp 21251—21267
Betulinic acid induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis via Bmi-1/ROS/AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 axis in human bladder cancer cells
Figure 4. BA-mediated ROS generation induces caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in bladder cancer cells. (A) Flow cytometry analysis of ROS generation in DCFH-DA-loaded EJ and T24 cells exposed to BA at 0, 10, and 25 μM for 24 h. (B) Flow cytometry analysis of ROS generation in EJ and T24 cells pre-exposed to NAC. (C) Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis. (D) The CCK-8 assay was employed to evaluate NAC effect on BA-triggered cytotoxicity. (E) Western blot analysis of p-AMPKα (Thr172), cleaved PARP, p-mTOR (Ser2448), p-ULK1 (Ser555), Bcl-2, p62, and LC3B II levels. *p<0.05, **p<0.01.