Research Paper Volume 12, Issue 19 pp 19766—19784

Experimental design and establishment of advance paternal age (APA) mouse models. (A) Experimental design to obtain F1 and F2 offspring mice. Blue, green and red cartoon mice indicate young father mice (2 months old, YF-F0), old father mice (12 months old, OF-F0) and very old father mice (18 months old, VOF-F0) and their progenies. (B) Blood glucose during the glucose tolerance test (GTT) (n=15/group for each group) (left panel) and area under the curves (AUC) results (right panel). (C) Blood glucose during the insulin tolerance test (0.5 U/kg) (n=15/group for each group) (left panel) and AUC results (right panel). (D) The plasma triglyceride in three groups. (n=15 for each group). (E–H) The pregnancy rate (n=5 for each group) (E), litter size (n=40, 31, 35 litters, respectively) (F), sex ratio (n=5 for each group) (G) and sperm motility (n=15 for each group) (H). Data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. NS, P≥0.05, versus control (linear regression analysis for GTT assay and one-way ANOVA for other assays).