Figure 1. Experimental design. At the 24 hours before the control condition or anesthesia/surgery, the mice had the behavioral tests. At the 9 hours after the control condition or the anesthesia/surgery, the mice repeated the same behavioral test. The same mice then had Barnes maze training from day 7 to day 10, and Barnes maze testing on day 11 after the control condition or the anesthesia/surgery. The feces of the mice were collected at 24 hours before, 9 hours after and 11 days after the control condition or anesthesia/surgery before the behavioral tests. A different group of mice was used for the collection of the hippocampus at the 9 hours or 11 days after the control condition or the anesthesia/surgery.