Research Paper Volume 11, Issue 16 pp 5943—5974

Figure 5. Subject selection process for current study from the 1953 Metropolit Danish Male Birth Cohort based on the “Extreme Group Design”. To avoid effects of extreme test scores, subjects with standardized residuals ±3 were omitted, defined as here as †. The final sample size for the current study includes n=193 subjects consisting of n=95 improvers and n=98 decliners in cognitive function from youth to late midlife.