Research Paper Volume 9, Issue 12 pp 2647—2665

Figure 3. Clock^∆19 results in ER stress in mice. (A) TEM depicting the luminal diameter of the ER in WT and Clock^∆19 hepatocytes. Clock^∆19 mouse hepatocytes show the expansion of the ER (blue arrow; n=4 for all groups). (B) Relative expression assessed by qPCR of the UPR pathway genes in the liver of WT and Clock^Δ19 mice from 16 weeks of age. Note that the expression of Grp94, Grp78, Chop and Perk were significantly increased in Clock^∆19 mice. Data were normalized to Gapdh expression (n=4). **, P < 0.01 and *, P < 0.05. (C-D) Immunoblots of liver tissue from WT and Clock^∆19 mice at ZT0 and ZT12; the UPR proteins GRP94, GRP78, (p)PERK and (p)eIF2α are significantly activated in Clock^∆19 mice. β-ACTIN is a loading control. **, P < 0.01 and *, P < 0.05 versus control. n=4 mice per group.