Figure 5. rpd3 reduction prevents age-associated changes in IIS. Age-associated increases in the rpd3, InR, and a decrease in dfoxo mRNA are observed in wild type flies, Reduced rpd3 activity decreases InR and chico mRNA, while increases dfoxo and dSir2 mRNA levels. Reduced rpd3 affects metabolism, increases stress resistance and longevity by reducing IIS and increasing dSir2 levels. Purple and light blue arrows indicate downstream effects, green arrows represent increase and blue reduction in mRNA levels.