Figure 3. Low TOR/S6K activity: insulin resistance plus longevity (type 0 diabetes). (A) Severe CR and starvation. Insulin resistance and symptoms of diabetes are observed during starvation [
(B) IRS1 knockout. Insulin receptor substrate 1 null mice live longer despite insulin resistance [
(C) Klotho mice. Overexpression of Klotho in mice extends life span. Klotho protein represses intracellular signals of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), [
(D) Chronic treatment with high doses of rapamycin causes insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. This condition can be associated with normal/increased and decreased levels of insulin. Noteworthy, rapamycin induces Klotho [