Research Paper Advance Articles
Impaired renal transporter gene expression and uremic toxin excretion as aging hallmarks in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease
Figure 2. Urine levels of uremic toxins in cohort 1. The levels of urinary uremic toxins were normalized by creatinine (A–E). The box and bars represent mean and SEM. TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; IxS, indoxyl sulfate; PCS, p-cresol sulfate; PS, phenyl sulfate; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid; Cr, creatinine; CKD2, CKD stage 2. Asterisks (*) denote P-values from the Mann-Whitney test, *P<0.05, **P<0.01.