Research Paper Advance Articles
Impaired renal transporter gene expression and uremic toxin excretion as aging hallmarks in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease
Figure 1. Serum concentrations of uremic toxins. The concentrations of uremic toxins were quantified in cohort 1 (A–D) and cohort 2 (E–I). Asterisks (*) indicate statistical significance from (A–D) Mann-Whitney test and (E–M) Dunn’s multiple comparisons test: *P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001, **** P<0.0001. The box and bars represent mean and SEM. TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; IxS, indoxyl sulfate; PCS, p-cresol sulfate; PS, phenyl sulfate; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid; CKD2, CKD stage 2; CKD3, CKD stage 3.