Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 21 pp 13340—13355

Figure 5. Development of a suitable diagnostic model through four machine learning and validation models. (A) Distribution of cumulative residuals for each machine learning model. (B) Boxplots illustrating the residuals of all machine learning models. (C) The salient characteristics of the RF, SVM, GLM, and XGB machine learning models. (D) Four machine learning models tested utilising a fivefold cross-validation procedure, with results examined utilising the ROC curve. (E) ROC analysis of the 5-gene-based SVM model in GSE33000 dataset. (F) ROC analysis of the 5-gene-based SVM model in GSE122063 dataset. (G) ROC analysis of the 5-gene-based SVM model in GSE44770 dataset.