Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 9 pp 7668—7682
Causal association of metformin treatment with diverse cardiovascular diseases: a Mendelian randomization analysis
Figure 1. (A) Workflow of the study. (B) Diagram for Mendelian randomization (MR). MR is based on three hypotheses. The SNPs used as IVs should be strongly associated with exposure; second, the SNPs selected must be independent of confounders; and finally, IVs are associated with the six diseases mentioned above only through metformin use (exposure) and not through direct association.