Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 2 pp 1663—1684
Usenamine A triggers NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in lung adenocarcinoma by targeting the DDX3X/SQSTM1 axis
Figure 3. Usenamine A triggers NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in LUAD cells (H1299), as determined by complementary validation. (A) Cell pyroptosis was observed using TEM. Scale bar = 500 nm. (B) Expression of caspase-1 and ASC was measured using immunofluorescence staining. Scale bar = 25 μm. (C) Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. (D) LDH, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels in cells were measured using commercial ELISA kits. (E) Relative protein expression of NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway-related proteins was measured using western blotting. **p < 0.01 vs. Control; ##p < 0.01 vs. usenamine A (2 μg/mL); $p < 0.05 and $$p < 0.01 vs. VX-765 (20 μM). GSDMD, gasdermin D; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor pyrin 3.