Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 2 pp 1663—1684
Usenamine A triggers NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in lung adenocarcinoma by targeting the DDX3X/SQSTM1 axis
Figure 2. Usenamine A induces NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in LUAD cells (H1299). (A) ROS levels in the cells were detected using a DCFH-DA probe. Scale bar = 25 μm. (B) LDH, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels in the cells were measured using commercial ELISA kits. (C) Representative morphological images of cells obtained by microscopic examination. Scale bar = 50 μm. (D) Relative expression of caspase-1, -4, -5, and -8 was analyzed using RT-qPCR. (E) Relative protein expression of NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway-related proteins was measured using western blotting. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. 0 μg/mL usenamine A; #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 vs. 1 μg/mL usenamine A; $p < 0.05 and $$p < 0.01 vs. 2 μg/mL usenamine A. GSDMD, gasdermin D; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor pyrin 3; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR.