Research Paper
Extracellular histones induce inflammation and senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells by activating the AMPK/FOXO4 signaling pathway
Figure 7. Proposed model for extracellular histone-mediated inflammation and senescence in VSMCs. Extracellular histones activate the AMPK pathway, which then promotes FOXO4 phosphorylation and entry into the nucleus. FOXO4 subsequently promotes p21 and NLRP3 expression.