Research Paper Volume 13, Issue 7 pp 10326—10353

Figure 3. Carminic acid suppresses oxidative stress in Fru-cultured cells. TCMK-1 and HK2 cells were exposed to Fru (5 mM) for 24 h with or without CA (10 and 20 μM). Then, all cells were collected for the subsequent studies. Intracellular ROS production, MDA levels, H₂O₂ levels and SOD activity were measured in (A) TCMK-1 and (B) HK2 cells. (C, D) RT-qPCR analysis was used to measure oxidative stress-associated factors in the cells. The results are expressed as the means ± SEM. n = 4 in each group. ^**P< 0.01 compared with the Ctrl group; ⁺P< 0.05 and ⁺⁺P< 0.01 compared with the Fru group.